{"ATC Code":"N06BX03","Abbreviation":"","Aliases":["Nootropil","2-Oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide","1-Pyrrolidineacetamide, 2-oxo-","Nootropyl","Pyracetam","Normabrain","Gabacet","Pyramem","Ciclofalina","Euvifor"],"Biological Half-Life":"The plasma half life of piracetam is approximately 5 hours following oral or intravenous administration. The half life in the cerebrospinal fluid was 8.5 hours.","Boiling Point":"Decomposes","CAS":"7491-74-9","ChEBI":"CHEBI:32010","ChEMBL":"CHEMBL36715","ChemicalClasses":["racetam"],"Chirality":"achiral","Color/Form":"Crystals from isopropanol","Drug Indication":"Indicated in adult patients suffering from myoclonus of cortical origin, irrespective of aetiology, and should be used in combination with other anti-myoclonic therapies.","Drug Warnings":"Piracetam is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (renal creatinine clearance of less than 20 mL per minute), hepatic impairment and to those under 16 years of age.","DrugClasses":["stimulant","nootropic"],"EINECS":"231-312-7","European Community (EC) Number":"231-312-7","Human Drugs":"Pharmaceuticals","IUPACName":"2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide","InChI":"InChI=1S/C6H10N2O2/c7-5(9)4-8-3-1-2-6(8)10/h1-4H2,(H2,7,9)","InChIKey":"GMZVRMREEHBGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N","MeSH Pharmacological Classification":"Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias. These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms. (See all compounds classified as Nootropic Agents.)","Melting Point":"151.5 - 152.5 °C","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"142.16 g/mol","Pharmacodynamics":"Piracetam is known to mediate various pharmacodynamic actions:  **Neuronal effects**:   Piracetam modulates the cholinergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission although the drug does not display high affinity to any of the associated receptors (Ki \u003e10μM). Instead, piracetam increases the density of postsynaptic receptors and/or restore the function of these receptors through stabilizing the membrane fluidity. In the forebrain of aging mice, the density of NMDA receptors was increased by approximately 20% following 14 days of piracetam treatment. Based on the findings of various animal and human studies, the cognitive processses including learning, memory, attention and consciousness were enhanced from piracetam therapy without inducing sedation and psychostimulant effects. Piracetam mediate neuroprotective effects against hypoxia-induced damage, intoxication, and electroconvulsive therapy.   In two studies involving alcohol-treated rats with evidences of withdrawal-related neuronal loss, piracetam was shown to reduce the extent of neuronal loss and increase the numbers of synapses in the hippocampus by up to 20% relative to alcohol-treated or alcohol-withdrawn rats. This suggests that piracetam is capable in promoting neuroplasticity when recoverable neural circuits are present. Although the mechanism of action is not fully understood, administration of piracetam prior to a convulsant stimulus reduces the seizure severity and enhances the anticonvulsant effectiveness of conventional antiepileptics such as carbamazepine and diazepam.   **Vascular effects**:   Piracetam is shown to increase the deformability of erythrocytes, reduce platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner, reduce the adhesion of erythrocytes to vascular endothelium and capillary vasospasm. In healthy volunteers, piracetam mediated a direct stimulant effect on prostacycline synthesis and reduced the plasma levels of fibrinogen and von Willebrand’s factors (VIII: C; VIII R: AG; VIII R: vW) by 30 to 40%. Potentiated microcirculation is thought to arise from a combination of effects on erythrocytes, blood vessels and blood coagulation.","PubChemId":4843,"Record Description":["Piracetam is an organonitrogen compound and an organooxygen compound. It is functionally related to an alpha-amino acid.","Piracetam is a nootropic drug in the racetams group, with chemical name 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide. It shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with pyroglutamic acid and is a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). However its mechanism of action differ from that of endogenous GABA. Piracetam has neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties and is reported to improve neural plasticity. Its efficacy is documented in cognitive disorders and dementia, vertigo, cortical myoclonus, dyslexia, and sickle cell anemia although the clinical application in these conditions is not yet established. Piracetam has effects on the vascular system by reducing erythrocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium, hindering vasospasms and facilitating microcirculation.  Originally marketed by UCB Pharma in 1971, piracetam was the first nootropic drug to modulate cognitive function without causing sedation or stimulation. It is not approved for any medical or dietary use by the FDA. In the UK, piracetam is prescribed mainly for myoclonus, but is used off-label for other conditions such as learning difficulties in children, memory loss or other cognitive defects in the elderly, and sickle-cell vaso-occlusive crises. Evidence to support its use for many conditions is unclear.","PIRACETAM is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of IV (across all indications) and is indicated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and has 7 investigational indications.","A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.","Piracetam is an organonitrogen compound and an organooxygen compound. It is functionally related to an alpha-amino acid."],"References":[{"name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracetam"},{"name":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410069"},{"name":"DrugBank","url":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB09210"},{"name":"PubChem","url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4843"},{"name":"ChemSpider","url":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4677.html"},{"name":"ChEMBL","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/CHEMBL36715"},{"name":"ChEBI","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:32010"},{"name":"Common Chemistry","url":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7491-74-9"},{"name":"HMDB","url":"https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0256585"},{"name":"KEGG","url":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D01914"},{"name":"UNII","url":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/ZH516LNZ10"},{"name":"EPA DSSTox","url":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5044491"}],"SMILES":"C1CC(=O)N(C1)CC(=O)N","Stability/Shelf Life":"Nootropil 800 and 1200 mg Tablets: Four (4) years. Nootropil Solution 33%: Five (5) years.","StructureBase64":"PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHhtbG5zOnhsaW5rPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5L3hsaW5rIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjY3LjA3bW0iIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDU4LjgzNCA2Ny4wNyIgd2lkdGg9IjU4LjgzNG1tIj4KICAgICAgCiAgICA8ZGVzYz5HZW5lcmF0ZWQgYnkgdGhlIENoZW1pc3RyeSBEZXZlbG9wbWVudCBLaXQgKGh0dHA6Ly9naXRodWIuY29tL2Nkayk8L2Rlc2M+CiAgICAgIAogICAgPGcgZmlsbD0iIzMwNTBGOCIgc3Ryb2tlPSIjMDAwMDAwIiBzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcD0icm91bmQiIHN0cm9rZS1saW5lam9pbj0icm91bmQiIHN0cm9rZS13aWR0aD0iLjciPgogICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICA8cmVjdCBmaWxsPSIjRkZGRkZGIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjY4LjAiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgd2lkdGg9IjU5LjAiIHg9Ii4wIiB5PSIuMCIvPgogICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICA8ZyBjbGFzcz0ibW9sIiBpZD0ibW9sMSI+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICA8bGluZSBjbGFzcz0iYm9uZCIgaWQ9Im1vbDFibmQxIiB4MT0iMjEuNTk2IiB4Mj0iMzYuODM2IiB5MT0iMS4wMDEiIHkyPSIxLjAwMSIvPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgPGxpbmUgY2xhc3M9ImJvbmQiIGlkPSJtb2wxYm5kMiIgeDE9IjM2LjgzNiIgeDI9IjQxLjUwOSIgeTE9IjEuMDAxIiB5Mj0iMTUuNDI4Ii8+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBjbGFzcz0iYm9uZCIgaWQ9Im1vbDFibmQzIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8bGluZSB4MT0iNDEuMDQ2IiB4Mj0iNTIuNzk3IiB5MT0iMTMuOTk4IiB5Mj0iMTcuNzg0Ii8+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGxpbmUgeDE9IjQwLjI5OCIgeDI9IjUyLjA0OSIgeTE9IjE2LjMxOSIgeTI9IjIwLjEwNSIvPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8bGluZSBjbGFzcz0iaGkiIHN0cm9rZT0iI0ZGMEQwRCIgeDE9IjUyLjc5NyIgeDI9IjQ2LjkyMTQ5OTk5OTk5OTk5NSIgeTE9IjE3Ljc4NCIgeTI9IjE1Ljg5MDk5OTk5OTk5OTk5OCIvPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPGxpbmUgY2xhc3M9ImhpIiBzdHJva2U9IiNGRjBEMEQiIHgxPSI1Mi4wNDkiIHgyPSI0Ni4xNzM1MDAwMDAwMDAwMDQiIHkxPSIyMC4xMDUiIHkyPSIxOC4yMTIiLz4KICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgPGxpbmUgY2xhc3M9ImJvbmQiIGlkPSJtb2wxYm5kNCIgeDE9IjQxLjUwOSIgeDI9IjMyLjI4NCIgeTE9IjE1LjQyOCIgeTI9IjIyLjIxMyIvPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgPGxpbmUgY2xhc3M9ImJvbmQiIGlkPSJtb2wxYm5kNSIgeDE9IjI2LjE0NyIgeDI9IjE2LjkyMiIgeTE9IjIyLjIxMyIgeTI9IjE1LjQyOCIvPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgPGxpbmUgY2xhc3M9ImJvbmQiIGlkPSJtb2wxYm5kNiIgeDE9IjIxLjU5NiIgeDI9IjE2LjkyMiIgeTE9IjEuMDAxIiB5Mj0iMTUuNDI4Ii8+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICA8bGluZSBjbGFzcz0iYm9uZCIgaWQ9Im1vbDFibmQ3IiB4MT0iMjkuMjE2IiB4Mj0iMjkuMjE2IiB5MT0iMjguMzIiIHkyPSIzOS43MSIvPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgPGxpbmUgY2xhc3M9ImJvbmQiIGlkPSJtb2wxYm5kOCIgeDE9IjI5LjIxNiIgeDI9IjE2LjAxNyIgeTE9IjM5LjcxIiB5Mj0iNDcuMzMiLz4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxnIGNsYXNzPSJib25kIiBpZD0ibW9sMWJuZDkiPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxsaW5lIHgxPSIxNi4wMTciIHgyPSI1LjQ4NSIgeTE9IjQ4LjczOCIgeTI9IjQyLjY1OCIvPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxsaW5lIHgxPSIxNy4yMzciIHgyPSI2LjcwNCIgeTE9IjQ2LjYyNyIgeTI9IjQwLjU0NiIvPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8bGluZSBjbGFzcz0iaGkiIHN0cm9rZT0iI0ZGMEQwRCIgeDE9IjUuNDg0OTk5OTk5OTk5OTk5IiB4Mj0iMTAuNzUxIiB5MT0iNDIuNjU4IiB5Mj0iNDUuNjk4Ii8+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICA8bGluZSBjbGFzcz0iaGkiIHN0cm9rZT0iI0ZGMEQwRCIgeDE9IjYuNzA0MDAwMDAwMDAwMDAxIiB4Mj0iMTEuOTcwNSIgeTE9IjQwLjU0NiIgeTI9IjQzLjU4NjUiLz4KICAgICAgICAgICAgPC9nPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgPGxpbmUgY2xhc3M9ImJvbmQiIGlkPSJtb2wxYm5kMTAiIHgxPSIxNi4wMTciIHgyPSIxNi4wMTciIHkxPSI0Ny4zMyIgeTI9IjU4LjcyMSIvPgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgPHBhdGggY2xhc3M9ImF0b20iIGQ9Ik01OC4yNzQgMjAuMDk4cS4wIC43NTYgLS4yNTYgMS4zMjhxLS4yNTYgLjU2NiAtLjc1NiAuODgxcS0uNSAuMzE2IC0xLjI0NCAuMzE2cS0uNzU2IC0uMCAtMS4yNjIgLS4zMTZxLS41MDYgLS4zMTUgLS43NTYgLS44ODdxLS4yNDQgLS41NzEgLS4yNDQgLTEuMzMzcS0uMCAtLjc1MSAuMjQ0IC0xLjMxcS4yNSAtLjU2NiAuNzU2IC0uODgxcS41MDYgLS4zMTYgMS4yNzQgLS4zMTZxLjczMiAuMCAxLjIzMiAuMzE2cS41IC4zMDkgLjc1NiAuODc1cS4yNTYgLjU2NSAuMjU2IDEuMzI3ek01NC40MTEgMjAuMDk4cS0uMCAuOTIzIC4zODcgMS40NTlxLjM5MyAuNTMgMS4yMiAuNTNxLjgzOSAtLjAgMS4yMiAtLjUzcS4zODcgLS41MzYgLjM4NyAtMS40NTlxLjAgLS45MjggLS4zODcgLTEuNDUycS0uMzgxIC0uNTI0IC0xLjIwOCAtLjUyNHEtLjgzNCAtLjAgLTEuMjI2IC41MjRxLS4zOTMgLjUyNCAtLjM5MyAxLjQ1MnoiIGZpbGw9IiNGRjBEMEQiIGlkPSJtb2wxYXRtNCIgc3Ryb2tlPSJub25lIi8+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICA8cGF0aCBjbGFzcz0iYXRvbSIgZD0iTTMxLjE1NiAyNi45MmgtLjcybC0yLjYxOSAtNC4wNjZoLS4wM3EuMDEyIC4yMzggLjAzIC41OTZxLjAyMyAuMzU3IC4wMjMgLjczMnYyLjczOGgtLjU2NXYtNC44OTloLjcxNGwyLjYwOCA0LjA1NGguMDNxLS4wMDYgLS4xMDcgLS4wMTggLS4zMjhxLS4wMTIgLS4yMiAtLjAyNCAtLjQ3NnEtLjAwNiAtLjI2MiAtLjAwNiAtLjQ4MnYtMi43NjhoLjU3N3Y0Ljg5OXoiIGlkPSJtb2wxYXRtNSIgc3Ryb2tlPSJub25lIi8+CiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICA8cGF0aCBjbGFzcz0iYXRvbSIgZD0iTTUuMDc4IDM5LjcwOHEuMCAuNzU2IC0uMjU2IDEuMzI3cS0uMjU2IC41NjYgLS43NTYgLjg4MXEtLjUgLjMxNiAtMS4yNDQgLjMxNnEtLjc1NiAtLjAgLTEuMjYyIC0uMzE2cS0uNTA2IC0uMzE1IC0uNzU2IC0uODg3cS0uMjQ0IC0uNTcxIC0uMjQ0IC0xLjMzM3EtLjAgLS43NSAuMjQ0IC0xLjMxcS4yNSAtLjU2NiAuNzU2IC0uODgxcS41MDYgLS4zMTYgMS4yNzQgLS4zMTZxLjczMiAuMCAxLjIzMiAuMzE2cS41IC4zMDkgLjc1NiAuODc1cS4yNTYgLjU2NiAuMjU2IDEuMzI4ek0xLjIxNSAzOS43MDhxLS4wIC45MjIgLjM4NyAxLjQ1OHEuMzkzIC41MyAxLjIyIC41M3EuODQgLS4wIDEuMjIxIC0uNTNxLjM4NyAtLjUzNiAuMzg3IC0xLjQ1O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Uses":"/Investigators/ report on a 30-year-old patient with advanced cerebellar degeneration due to sickle cell amemia 2. He presented with severe myoclonus, which was resistant to conventional therapy and dramatically improved after administration of 12-18 g/day piracetam. Piracetam may be considered in the treatment of refractory myoclonus in spinocerebellar degenerations.","Title":"Piracetam","UNII":"ZH516LNZ10","Wikidata":"Q410069","XLogP":-1.3}