{"ATC Code":["N - Nervous system","N06 - Psychoanaleptics","N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics","N06BX - Other psychostimulants and nootropics","N06BX03","N06BX03 - Piracetam","QN - Nervous system","QN06 - Psychoanaleptics","QN06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics","QN06BX - Other psychostimulants and nootropics","QN06BX03 - Piracetam"],"Absorption, Distribution and Excretion":"Piracetam displays a linear and time-dependent pharmacokinetic properties with low intersubject variability over a large range of doses. Piracetam is rapidly and extensively absorbed following oral administration with the peak plasma concentration is reached within 1 hour after dosing in fasted subjects. Following a single oral dose of 3.2 g piracetam, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 84 µg/mL. Intake of food may decrease the Cmax by 17% and increase the time to reach Cmax (Tmax) from 1 to 1.5 hours. Tmax in the cerebrospinal fluid is achieved approximately 5 hours post-administration.   The absolute bioavailability of piracetam oral formulations is close to 100% and the steady state plasma concentrations are achieved within 3 days of dosing.","Aliases":["2-Oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide","Nootropil","Nootropyl","Normabrain","Pyracetam","Pyramem","Pirazetam","Myocalm","2-Pyrrolidinoneacetamide","Piracetamum","Nootrop","Cl-871","1-Acetamido-2-pyrrolidinone","2-Ketopyrrolidine-1-ylacetamide","NSC-758191","Dtxcid3024491","Piracetam RPh","Piracetam-RPh","Memo Puren","2-Pyrrolidone-N-Acetamide","UCB6215","Nootrop 400","Nootrop 800","Nootrop 1200","N06BX03","231-312-7","1-Pyrrolidineacetamide, 2-oxo-","Euvifor","Gabacet","Genogris","Pirroxil","Nootron","2-Oxo-pyrrolidine acetamide","2-Pyrrolidoneacetamide","UCB 6215","UCB-6215","2-Oxo-pyrrolidin-1-ylacetamide","Mls000069719","Mfcd00079246","Smr000058196","Ciclofalina","Ncgc00015821-02","Cas-7491-74-9","2-(2-oxopyrrolidinyl)acetamide","Naofukang","2-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide","KT-801","Cerebroforte","Avigilen","Breinox","Norzetam","Axonyl","Geram","Sr-01000076071","Einecs 231-312-7","Brn 1526393","Encetrop","2-(2-Oxopyrrolidino)acetamide","Piracetam CRS","HSDB 7529","Prestwick_870","2-(2-Oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide","Piracetam, EP6.0","Spectrum_001421","Opera_ID_1766","Prestwick0_000537","Prestwick1_000537","Prestwick2_000537","Prestwick3_000537","Spectrum2_001074","Spectrum3_001523","Spectrum4_000742","Spectrum5_001037","Lopac-P-5295","(2-Oxopyrrolidino)acetamide","cid_4843","Lopac0_000949","Oprea1_512927","Schembl20172","BSPBio_000553","BSPBio_002906","KBioGR_001064","KBioSS_001901","5-21-06-00360","2-Oxo-1-pyrrolidinylacetamide","Chembl36715","DivK1c_000259","Spectrum1502195","Piracetam - Bio-X trade mark","SPBio_001088","SPBio_002474","2-(2-ketopyrrolidino)acetamide","BPBio1_000609","GTPL4288","orb1310628","Schembl7769433","BDBM62877","Chebi:32010","Cl-781","HMS500M21","HY-B0585R","KBio1_000259","KBio2_001901","KBio2_004469","KBio2_007037","KBio3_002406","Oxiracetam Impurity A; Piracetam","Oxiracetam impurity 7(Piracetam)","Ninds_000259","HMS1569L15","HMS1921L12","HMS2092D18","HMS2096L15","HMS2230B24","HMS3262N20","HMS3371G01","HMS3657A05","HMS3713L15","HMS3885I07","HMS5081I12","Pharmakon1600-01502195","Albb-038663","EDC79964","HY-B0585","MSK10625","Tox21_110229","Tox21_301990","Tox21_500949","BBL028161","CCG-39282","EBC-04296","HB0507","NSC758191","s3070","SBB086233","STK535612","Akos001038683","Tox21_110229_1","2-(2-Oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide #","DB09210","FP27078","LP00949","NSC 758191","Sdccgsbi-0050923.p004","Idi1_000259","Ncgc00015821-01","Ncgc00015821-03","Ncgc00015821-04","Ncgc00015821-05","Ncgc00015821-06","Ncgc00015821-07","Ncgc00015821-08","Ncgc00015821-10","Ncgc00015821-21","Ncgc00094253-01","Ncgc00094253-02","Ncgc00094253-03","Ncgc00094253-04","Ncgc00255727-01","Ncgc00261634-01","AC-33158","AS-13920","BP166248","SY066794","Sbi-0050923.p003","DB-019407","AB00052287","EU-0100949","NS00000504","P2880","ST50182453","SW196995-3","2-(2-oxidanylidenepyrrolidin-1-yl)ethanamide","En300-17044","Piracetam, VETRANAL(TM), analytical standard","D01914","P 5295","Ab00052287_12","Ae-641/30117005","F787594","Sr-01000076071-1","Sr-01000076071-4","Sr-01000076071-6","Brd-k19456237-001-22-7","Brd-k19456237-001-26-8","Brd-k19456237-001-27-6","Z56865289","F1918-0022","Piracetam, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard"],"Biological Half-Life":"The plasma half life of piracetam is approximately 5 hours following oral or intravenous administration. The half life in the cerebrospinal fluid was 8.5 hours.","Boiling Point":"Decomposes","CAS":"7491-74-9","ChemicalClasses":["racetam"],"Chirality":"achiral","Color/Form":"Crystals from isopropanol","DTXSID":"5044491","Drug Indication":"Indicated in adult patients suffering from myoclonus of cortical origin, irrespective of aetiology, and should be used in combination with other anti-myoclonic therapies.","Drug Warnings":"Piracetam is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (renal creatinine clearance of less than 20 mL per minute), hepatic impairment and to those under 16 years of age.","Druglikeness":{"Lipinski":{"Passes":true,"Violations":0}},"EliminationHalfLife":"4 – 5 hours","Erowid Experience Reports":[],"Esters":[],"European Community (EC) Number":"231-312-7","Formating":[],"HMDB ID":"HMDB0256585","HeavyAtomCount":10,"Human Drugs":"Pharmaceuticals","IUPACName":"2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide","InChI":"InChI=1S/C6H10N2O2/c7-5(9)4-8-3-1-2-6(8)10/h1-4H2,(H2,7,9)","InChIKey":"GMZVRMREEHBGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N","Interactions":"... Confusion, irritability and sleep disorders /have been/ reported with concomitant use /of/ thyroid extract (T3 + T4) /and piracetam/.","MeSH Headers":[{"Id":"M0016891","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0016891.html","Name":"Piracetam","Ref":106},{"Id":"M0016892","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0016892.html","Name":"Nootropil","Ref":108},{"Id":"DescTree","Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html","Name":"MeSH Tree","Ref":109},{"Id":"PubMed from MeSH","Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html","Name":null,"Ref":135},{"Id":"M0028008","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0028008.html","Name":"Neuroprotective Agents","Ref":136},{"Id":"M0028009","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0028009.html","Name":"Nootropic Agents","Ref":137}],"MeSH Pharmacological Classification":[{"Id":"M0028008","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0028008.html","Name":"Neuroprotective Agent","Ref":136},{"Id":"M0028009","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0028009.html","Name":"Nootropic Agent","Ref":137}],"Mechanism of Action":"Piracetam interacts with the polar heads in the phospholipids membrane and the resulting mobile drug-lipid complexes are thought to reorganize the lipids and influence membrane function and fluidity. Such interaction has been reported in a study that investigated the effects of neuronal outgrowth induced by beta amyloid peptides; while amyloid peptides cause lipid disorganization within the cell membranes leading to neuronal death, piracetam demonstrated to decrease the destabilizing effects of amyloid peptide. The authors suggest that piracetam induces a positive curvature of the membrane by occupying the polar groups in the phospholipids to counteract the negative curvature induced by amyloid peptides , which in turn would decrease the likelihood of membrane fusion. This mechanism of action is thought to improve membrane stability, allowing the membrane and transmembrane proteins to maintain and recover the three-dimensional structure or folding for normal function such as membrane transport, chemical secretion, and receptor binding and stimulation.   Through restored membrane fluidity, piracetam promotes restored neurotransmission such as glutamatergic and cholinergic systems, enhances neuroplasticity and mediates neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects at the neuronal level. It is also demonstrated that piracetam also improves the fluidity of platelet membranes. At the vascular level, piracetam decreases adhesion of erythrocytes to cell wall and reduces vasospasm which in turn improves microcirculation including cerebral and renal blood flow.","Melting Point":"151.5 - 152.5 °C","Metabolism/Metabolites":"As large proportion of total piracetam administered is excreted as unchanged drug, there is no known major metabolism of piracetam.","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"142.16 g/mol","Non-Human Toxicity Values":"LD50 Mouse oral  26 g/kg","Passes":true,"Pharmacodynamics":"Piracetam is known to mediate various pharmacodynamic actions:  **Neuronal effects**:   Piracetam modulates the cholinergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission although the drug does not display high affinity to any of the associated receptors (Ki \u003e10μM). Instead, piracetam increases the density of postsynaptic receptors and/or restore the function of these receptors through stabilizing the membrane fluidity. In the forebrain of aging mice, the density of NMDA receptors was increased by approximately 20% following 14 days of piracetam treatment. Based on the findings of various animal and human studies, the cognitive processses including learning, memory, attention and consciousness were enhanced from piracetam therapy without inducing sedation and psychostimulant effects. Piracetam mediate neuroprotective effects against hypoxia-induced damage, intoxication, and electroconvulsive therapy.   In two studies involving alcohol-treated rats with evidences of withdrawal-related neuronal loss, piracetam was shown to reduce the extent of neuronal loss and increase the numbers of synapses in the hippocampus by up to 20% relative to alcohol-treated or alcohol-withdrawn rats. This suggests that piracetam is capable in promoting neuroplasticity when recoverable neural circuits are present. Although the mechanism of action is not fully understood, administration of piracetam prior to a convulsant stimulus reduces the seizure severity and enhances the anticonvulsant effectiveness of conventional antiepileptics such as carbamazepine and diazepam.   **Vascular effects**:   Piracetam is shown to increase the deformability of erythrocytes, reduce platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner, reduce the adhesion of erythrocytes to vascular endothelium and capillary vasospasm. In healthy volunteers, piracetam mediated a direct stimulant effect on prostacycline synthesis and reduced the plasma levels of fibrinogen and von Willebrand’s factors (VIII: C; VIII R: AG; VIII R: vW) by 30 to 40%. Potentiated microcirculation is thought to arise from a combination of effects on erythrocytes, blood vessels and blood coagulation.","PubChemId":4843,"PubChemTitle":"Piracetam","Records":{"UNII":{"Impurities":[]}},"RefChem":"6146","RefCount":4,"RefCur":"","References":[{"Name":"Wikipedia","Urls":[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracetam","Name":"Piracetam","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Wikidata","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q410069","Name":"Piracetam","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"DrugBank","Urls":[{"Link":"https://go.drugbank.com/DB09210","Name":"Piracetam","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"PubChem","Urls":[{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4843","Name":"Piracetam","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Common Chemistry","Urls":[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7491-74-9","Name":"Piracetam","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"HMDB","Urls":[{"Link":"https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0256585","Name":"Piracetam","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"KEGG","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D01914","Name":"Piracetam","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"UNII","Urls":[{"Link":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/ZH516LNZ10","Name":"Piracetam","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"EPA DSSTox","Urls":[{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5044491","Name":"Piracetam","Sub":false}]}],"Refs":["National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4843, Piracetam. Accessed June 11, 2026. \u003ca href=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4843\u003ehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4843\u003c/a\u003e","U.S. Food and Drug Administration; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Piracetam. UNII: ZH516LNZ10. Global Substance Registration System. Accessed June 11, 2026. \u003ca href=https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/ZH516LNZ10\u003ehttps://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/ZH516LNZ10\u003c/a\u003e","Piracetam. Accessed June 11, 2026. \u003ca href=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09210\u003ehttps://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09210\u003c/a\u003e"],"SMILES":"C1CC(=O)N(C1)CC(=O)N","SaltData":[],"Salts":[],"Scheduling":[{"gov":"Australia","ref":[],"schedule":"S4 substance"},{"gov":"Canada","ref":[],"schedule":"Unscheduled substance"},{"gov":"United Kingdom","ref":[],"schedule":"prescription only substance"},{"gov":"United States","ref":["3"],"schedule":"Unapproved drug, use in dietary supplements, food, or medicine is unlawful; otherwise uncontrolled substance"}],"Stability/Shelf Life":"Nootropil 800 and 1200 mg Tablets: Four (4) years. Nootropil Solution 33%: Five (5) years.","StereoisomerData":[],"Stereoisomers":[],"Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 65.382 65.786\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#3050f8\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".8\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h66v66H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M37.292 64.722h-15.24M22.052 64.722l-4.673-14.427\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M17.842 51.725 6.335 48.018M18.59 49.404 7.083 45.697\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m6.335 48.018 5.753 1.853M7.083 45.697l5.754 1.853\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m17.379 50.295 9.111-6.702M32.854 43.593l9.112 6.702M37.292 64.722l4.674-14.427M29.672 37.152V26.013M29.672 26.013l13.198-7.62\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M41.651 19.096V7.345M44.09 19.096V7.345\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"M41.651 7.345v5.875M44.09 7.345v5.875\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m42.87 18.393 9.92 5.727\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M2.876 43.577q-.738 0-1.173.553-.429.548-.429 1.495 0 .946.429 1.494.435.548 1.173.548t1.167-.548q.428-.548.428-1.494 0-.947-.428-1.495-.429-.553-1.167-.553m0-.548q1.053 0 1.679.708.631.703.631 1.888 0 1.178-.631 1.887-.626.702-1.679.702-1.054 0-1.685-.702-.631-.703-.631-1.887t.631-1.888q.631-.708 1.685-.708\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"none\" d=\"M27.779 38.752h.911l2.214 4.185v-4.185h.661v5.001h-.911l-2.22-4.185v4.185h-.655z\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M42.873 1.108q-.738 0-1.172.553-.429.548-.429 1.495 0 .946.429 1.494.434.547 1.172.547.739 0 1.167-.547.429-.548.429-1.494 0-.947-.429-1.495-.428-.553-1.167-.553m0-.548q1.054 0 1.679.708.631.703.631 1.888 0 1.178-.631 1.887-.625.702-1.679.702-1.053 0-1.684-.702-.631-.703-.631-1.887t.631-1.888Q41.82.56 42.873.56\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"none\" class=\"atom\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M54.176 23.512h.91l2.215 4.185v-4.185h.661v5.001h-.911l-2.221-4.185v4.185h-.654zM58.533 23.512h.679v2.048h2.459v-2.048h.672v5.001h-.672v-2.381h-2.459v2.381h-.679zM63.404 29.697h1.418v.343h-1.907v-.343q.232-.239.628-.639.4-.404.504-.522.196-.218.271-.368.079-.153.079-.3 0-.239-.168-.389t-.436-.15q-.192 0-.403.068-.211.064-.454.196v-.407q.247-.1.457-.15.215-.05.39-.05.468 0 .743.232.278.232.278.625 0 .182-.071.35-.068.165-.25.39-.05.057-.322.335-.268.279-.757.779\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#3050f8\" d=\"m26.49 43.593-4.556 3.351M32.854 43.593l4.556 3.351M29.672 37.152v-5.569M52.79 24.12l-4.96-2.863M52.79 24.12l-4.96-2.863\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e","Therapeutic Uses":"/Investigators/ report on a 30-year-old patient with advanced cerebellar degeneration due to sickle cell amemia 2. He presented with severe myoclonus, which was resistant to conventional therapy and dramatically improved after administration of 12-18 g/day piracetam. Piracetam may be considered in the treatment of refractory myoclonus in spinocerebellar degenerations.","Title":"Piracetam","UNII":"ZH516LNZ10","Violations":0,"Wikidata":"Q410069","Wikipedia":"Piracetam","XLogP":-1.3}