{"ATC Code":"N03AA02","Abbreviation":"","Aliases":["Phenobarbitone","Phenobarbitol","Luminal","Phenylethylbarbiturate","Fenobarbital","Phenobarbituric acid","Phenylethylmalonylurea","Phenemal","Adonal","Nunol","Phenylethylbarbituric acid","Dormiral","Gardenal","Gardepanyl","Neurobarb","Phenaemal","Amylofene","Aphenylbarbit","Aphenyletten","Barbiphenyl","Barbophen","Bialminal","Calmetten","Codibarbita","Coronaletta"],"Biological Half-Life":"53 to 118 hours (mean 79 hours)","CAS":"50-06-6","ChEBI":"CHEBI:8069","ChEMBL":"CHEMBL40","ChemicalClasses":["barbiturate"],"Chirality":"achiral","Color/Form":"Crystals (3 different phases)","Decomposition":"When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.","Drug Classes":"Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Hypnotics and Sedatives; GABA Modulators","Drug Indication":"For the treatment of all types of seizures except absence seizures.","Drug Warnings":"Barbiturates have been shown to cause an incr incidence of fetal abnormalities. Risk-benefit must be carefully considered when the medication is required in life-threatening situations or in serious diseases for which other medications cannot be used or are ineffective. /Barbiturates/","DurationOfAction":"4 hours–2 days","EINECS":"200-007-0","EliminationHalfLife":"53 – 118 hours","Erowid Experience Reports":[{"Author":"Odin","Id":"105671","Title":"Effects on Infant"},{"Author":"Pnau","Id":"71422","Title":"Dog Pills"},{"Author":"Jdub","Id":"98943","Title":"Of Little Recreational Value"},{"Author":"WhiteRook","Id":"82894","Title":"Calming Effect"}],"Esters":[],"European Community (EC) Number":"200-007-0","Flash Point":"345 °F (NTP, 1992)","Formating":[],"HMDB ID":"HMDB0015305","HeavyAtomCount":17,"Human Drugs":"Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Hypnotics and Sedatives; GABA Modulators","IUPACName":"5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione","Impurities":["phenylmethylbarbituric acid","5-ethyl-2,6-diimino-5-phenyltetrahydropyrimidin-4(1h)-one, (5rs)-","5-ethyl-6-imino-5-phenyldihydropyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione"],"InChI":"InChI=1S/C12H12N2O3/c1-2-12(8-6-4-3-5-7-8)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h3-7H,2H2,1H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17)","InChIKey":"DDBREPKUVSBGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N","MeSH Pharmacological Classification":"Drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2B6. (See all compounds classified as Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inducers.)","Melting Point":"345 to 352 °F (NTP, 1992)","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"232.23 g/mol","Odor":"Odorless","Pharmacodynamics":"Phenobarbital, the longest-acting barbiturate, is used for its anticonvulsant and sedative-hypnotic properties in the management of all seizure disorders except absence (petit mal).","Physical Description":"Phenobarbital appears as odorless white crystalline powder or colorless crystals. A saturated aqueous solution is acid to litmus (approximately pH 5). Slightly bitter taste. (NTP, 1992)","PubChemId":4763,"Record Description":["LiverTox|CNS|Anticonvulsant|Barbiturate"],"RefCount":4,"RefCur":"","References":[{"Name":"Wikipedia","Urls":[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenobarbital","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Wikidata","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407241","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"DrugBank","Urls":[{"Link":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01174","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"PubChem","Urls":[{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4763","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"ChEMBL","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/CHEMBL40","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"ChEBI","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:8069","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Common Chemistry","Urls":[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-06-6","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"HMDB","Urls":[{"Link":"https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015305","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"KEGG","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00506","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"UNII","Urls":[{"Link":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/YQE403BP4D","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"EPA DSSTox","Urls":[{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5021122","Name":"Phenobarbital","Sub":false}]}],"Refs":["National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4763, Phenobarbital. Accessed July 13, 2025. \u003ca href=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4763\u003ehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4763\u003c/a\u003e","U.S. Food and Drug Administration; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Phenobarbital. UNII: YQE403BP4D. Global Substance Registration System. Accessed July 13, 2025. \u003ca href=https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/YQE403BP4D\u003ehttps://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/YQE403BP4D\u003c/a\u003e","Anvisa. RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial. Diário Oficial da União. March 31, 2023. Accessed July 13, 2025. \u003ca href=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992\u003ehttps://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992\u003c/a\u003e"],"Reported Fatal Dose":"The toxic dose of barbiturates varies considerably but, in general, a severe reaction is likely to occur when the amount ingested is more than 10 times the usual oral hypnotic dose. Potentially lethal blood concentrations are those in excess of 80 ug/mL for phenobarbital, 50 ug/mL for amobarbital or butabarbital, and approximately 30 ug/mL for secobarbital or pentobarbital; however, some patients have survived much higher blood concentrations. /Barbiturates General Statement/","SMILES":"CCC1(C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O)C2=CC=CC=C2","SaltData":[{"AcidCount":1,"AmineCount":1,"Formula":"[Na+]","Name":"sodium","Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 88.714 87.544\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#3050f8\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".7\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h89v88H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m40.247 12.73 5.214 14.321M45.461 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class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"none\" class=\"atom\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M24.398 64.053h-.72l-2.619-4.066h-.03l.03.595q.024.357.024.733v2.738h-.566v-4.899h.714l2.608 4.054h.03l-.018-.328-.024-.476q-.006-.262-.006-.482v-2.768h.577zM19.955 64.053h-.619v-2.286h-2.512v2.286h-.613v-4.899h.613v2.071h2.512v-2.071h.619z\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M37.918 84.46q0 .756-.256 1.328-.256.565-.756.881-.501.315-1.245.315-.756 0-1.262-.315-.506-.316-.756-.887-.244-.572-.244-1.334 0-.75.244-1.309.25-.566.756-.881t1.274-.316q.732 0 1.233.316.5.309.756.875.256.565.256 1.327m-3.864 0q0 .923.387 1.459.393.53 1.22.53.84 0 1.221-.53.387-.536.387-1.459 0-.928-.387-1.452-.381-.524-1.209-.524-.833 0-1.226.524t-.393 1.452\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"none\" class=\"atom\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M50.8 64.044h-.721l-2.619-4.065h-.03l.03.595q.024.357.024.732v2.738h-.566v-4.899h.715l2.607 4.054h.03l-.018-.327-.024-.477q-.006-.261-.006-.482v-2.768h.578zM55.106 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4.054h.03l-.018-.327q-.012-.22-.023-.476-.006-.262-.006-.483v-2.768h.577zm2.64-3.739q.673 0 .994.298.322.291.322.94v2.501h-.441l-.113-.524h-.029q-.239.303-.506.452-.262.143-.727.143-.5 0-.833-.262-.328-.268-.328-.833 0-.548.429-.846.435-.297 1.334-.327l.625-.018v-.22q0-.459-.203-.637-.196-.179-.559-.179-.286 0-.548.089-.262.084-.488.191l-.185-.452q.238-.131.566-.221.333-.095.69-.095m.179 1.965q-.685.023-.953.22-.262.19-.262.542 0 .303.185.452.191.143.488.143.465 0 .774-.256.31-.262.31-.798v-.327zM87.336 41.639h.818v.293h-.818v.847h-.296v-.847h-.818v-.293h.818v-.85h.296z\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e","Title":"Phenobarbital sodium","UNII":"SW9M9BB5K3"}],"Salts":["sodium"],"Scheduling":[{"gov":"Australia","ref":[],"schedule":"S4 substance"},{"gov":"Brazil","ref":["3"],"schedule":"B1 substance"},{"gov":"Canada","ref":[],"schedule":"Schedule IV substance"},{"gov":"Germany","ref":[],"schedule":"prescription only/Anlage III substance"},{"gov":"United Kingdom","ref":[],"schedule":"Class B substance"},{"act":"Controlled Substances Act (CSA)","gov":"United States","ref":[],"schedule":"Schedule I"}],"Solubility":"\u003e34.8 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4)","Stability/Shelf Life":"Aqueous solutions of \"phenobarbital\" sodium are not generally stable. The drug is more stable in polyethylene glycol or propylene glycol.","StereoisomerData":[],"Stereoisomers":["(+)-Phenobarbital","(-)-Phenobarbital"],"Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 64.883 87.544\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#3050f8\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".7\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h65v88H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m40.247 12.73 5.214 14.321M45.461 27.051l-9.795 11.675M35.666 38.726l-13.203 7.629\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m22.462 47.762-10.532-6.08M23.681 45.651 13.15 39.57\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m11.93 41.682 5.266 3.04M13.15 39.57l5.266 3.041\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m22.463 46.355-.004 11.398M25.611 63.424l10.045 5.799\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m36.875 68.519.002 12.023M34.437 68.519l.002 12.023\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m36.877 80.542-.001-6.011M34.439 80.542l-.001-6.011\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m35.656 69.223 10.05-5.806M48.86 57.745l.004-11.399M35.666 38.726l13.198 7.62\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m47.645 45.642 10.528-6.076M48.863 47.754l10.529-6.076\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m58.173 39.566-5.264 3.038M59.392 41.678l-5.265 3.038\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m35.666 38.726-9.799-11.672\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m10.852 29.71 15.015-2.656M11.814 27.063l12.243-2.165\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M10.852 29.71 1.053 18.037\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M6.27 3.709 1.053 18.037M8.08 5.865 3.826 17.548\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m6.27 3.709 15.015-2.656\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M31.084 12.726 21.285 1.053M28.311 13.215 20.323 3.7\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m25.867 27.054 5.217-14.328\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M11.524 38.732q0 .756-.256 1.327-.256.566-.756.881-.501.316-1.245.316-.756 0-1.262-.316-.506-.315-.756-.887-.244-.571-.244-1.333 0-.75.244-1.31.25-.565.756-.881.506-.315 1.274-.315.732 0 1.233.315.5.31.756.875.256.566.256 1.328m-3.864 0q0 .923.387 1.458.393.53 1.22.53.84 0 1.221-.53.387-.535.387-1.458 0-.929-.387-1.453-.381-.524-1.209-.524-.833 0-1.226.524t-.393 1.453\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"none\" class=\"atom\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M24.398 64.053h-.72l-2.619-4.066h-.03l.03.595q.024.357.024.733v2.738h-.566v-4.899h.714l2.608 4.054h.03l-.018-.328-.024-.476q-.006-.262-.006-.482v-2.768h.577zM19.955 64.053h-.619v-2.286h-2.512v2.286h-.613v-4.899h.613v2.071h2.512v-2.071h.619z\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M37.918 84.46q0 .756-.256 1.328-.256.565-.756.881-.501.315-1.245.315-.756 0-1.262-.315-.506-.316-.756-.887-.244-.572-.244-1.334 0-.75.244-1.309.25-.566.756-.881t1.274-.316q.732 0 1.233.316.5.309.756.875.256.565.256 1.327m-3.864 0q0 .923.387 1.459.393.53 1.22.53.84 0 1.221-.53.387-.536.387-1.459 0-.928-.387-1.452-.381-.524-1.209-.524-.833 0-1.226.524t-.393 1.452\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"none\" class=\"atom\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M50.8 64.044h-.721l-2.619-4.065h-.03l.03.595q.024.357.024.732v2.738h-.566v-4.899h.715l2.607 4.054h.03l-.018-.327-.024-.477q-.006-.261-.006-.482v-2.768h.578zM55.106 64.044h-.619v-2.286h-2.512v2.286h-.614v-4.899h.614v2.072h2.512v-2.072h.619z\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M64.323 38.725q0 .757-.256 1.328-.256.566-.756.881-.501.316-1.245.316-.756 0-1.262-.316-.506-.315-.756-.887-.244-.571-.244-1.333 0-.751.244-1.31.25-.566.756-.881t1.274-.316q.732 0 1.233.316.5.309.756.875.256.565.256 1.327m-3.864 0q0 .923.387 1.459.393.53 1.22.53.84 0 1.221-.53.387-.536.387-1.459 0-.928-.387-1.452-.381-.524-1.209-.524-.833 0-1.226.524t-.393 1.452\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#3050f8\" d=\"m22.459 57.753.002-5.699M22.459 57.753l.002-5.699M25.611 63.424l5.022 2.899M25.611 63.424l5.022 2.899M45.706 63.417l-5.025 2.903M48.86 57.745l.002-5.7\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e","Taste":"Slightly bitter taste","Therapeutic Uses":"Anticonvulsants; Carcinogens; Central Nervous System Depressants; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Modulators; Sedatives, Barbiturate","Title":"Phenobarbital","UNII":"YQE403BP4D","Wikidata":"Q407241","Wikipedia":"Phenobarbital","XLogP":1.5,"pH":"Saturated soln in water has a pH of about 5"}