{"ATC Code":["N - Nervous system","N05 - Psycholeptics","N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives","N05CA - Barbiturates, plain","N05CA01 - Pentobarbital"],"Abbreviation":[],"Absorption, Distribution and Excretion":"Barbiturates are absorbed in varying degrees following oral, rectal, or parenteral administration.","Adverse Effects":"The main adverse reactions surrounding pentobarbital use are CNS effects, including altered mental status, agitation, confusion, drowsiness, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse, and syncope. Other significant adverse effects to be aware of include hallucinations, headache, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, hepatoxicity, megaloblastic anemia, angioedema, local injection site reactions, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, apnea, and hyperkinesia. At high doses of pentobarbital, total loss of neurological function is observed.","Aliases":["Pentobarbital","Pentobarbitone","Nembutal","Mebubarbital","Pentobarbituric acid","Ethaminal","Dorsital","Mebumal","76-74-4","Rivadorm","Pentobarbiturate","Pentabarbitone","Neodorm","Pentabarbital","Pentobarbitalum","5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid","5-Ethyl-5-(sec-pentyl)barbituric acid","5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione","5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)malonylurea","NSC 28708","Pentobarbital cii","2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-Pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-","Barbituric acid, 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-","NSC-28708","5-ethyl-5-(pentan-2-yl)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione","CHEMBL448","5-ethyl-5-(pentan-2-yl)-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione","Aethaminalum","Dtxsid7023435","I4744080IR","DEA No. 2270","Ncgc00096074-01","Pentobarbitale","5-Ethyl-5-(1-methyl-butyl)-pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione","Phetobarbitone","Ethyl-propylmethylcarbinylbarbituric acid","CCRIS 7089","HSDB 3151","Einecs 200-983-8","Brn 0087067","Barbituric acid, 5-ethyl-5-(2-pentyl)-","Sr-01000317092","Unii-i4744080ir","Continal","(plusmn)-pentobarbital","Sedalixir","Spectrum_001783","Spectrum2_001991","Spectrum3_001783","Spectrum4_000574","Spectrum5_001705","Ec 200-983-8","(.+/-.))-Pentobarbital","Pentobarbital CRS - * psy","Oprea1_143902","Oprea1_775730","Schembl24966","BSPBio_003305","KBioGR_001008","KBioSS_002267","5-24-09-00168","DivK1c_000992","Spectrum1900006","SPBio_002201","CHEBI:7983","Dtxcid003435","GTPL5480","Schembl11114711","component of Emesert","component of Synirin","HMS503G05","KBio1_000992","KBio2_002266","KBio2_004834","KBio2_007402","KBio3_002807","Ninds_000992","HMS2094E21","HMS3713B10","Pharmakon1600-01900006","NSC28708","Tox21_111555","5-ethyl-2-hydroxy-5-(1-methylbutyl)pyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione","Bdbm50055935","CCG-39476","NSC760434","STL367899","Pentobarbital 0.1 mg/ml in Methanol","Pentobarbital 1.0 mg/ml in Methanol","2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-Pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-, (+-)-","Akos000277861","Akos028114301","Wln: t6vmvmv fhj fy3\u00261 f2","CCG-220564","DB00312","NSC-760434","Cas-76-74-4","Idi1_000992","Ncgc00096074-02","Ncgc00344563-01","Sbi-0052713.p002","DB-056119","NS00008670","C07422","D00499","057P561","Q409632","Sr-05000001789","Thiopental sodium impurity b","Sr-01000317092-2","Sr-05000001789-1","Brd-a44448661-001-01-4","Brd-a44448661-001-04-8","2,6(1H,3H,5H)-Pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-","5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione","Pentobarbital, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard","Pentobarbital, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard","pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-","2,4,6(1H,3h,5h)-pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-"],"Biological Half-Life":"5 to 50 hours (dose dependent)","CAS":"76-74-4","ChemicalClasses":["barbiturate"],"Chirality":"racemic","Color/Form":"Crystals from alcohol","Decomposition":"When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitric oxide/.","Drug Indication":"For the short-term treatment of insomnia.","Drug Warnings":"Barbiturates may be habit forming. Tolerance, psychological and physical dependence may occur with continued use. Patients who have psychological dependence on barbiturates may increase the dosage or decrease the dosage interval without consulting a physician and may subsequently develop a physical dependence on barbiturates. To minimize the possibility of overdosage or the development of dependence, the prescribing and dispensing of sedative-hypnotic barbiturates should be limited to the amount required for the interval until the next appointment. Abrupt cessation after prolonged use in the dependent person may result in withdrawal symptoms, including delirium, convulsions, and possibly death. Barbiturates should be withdrawn gradually from any patient known to be taking excessive dosage over long periods of time.","Esters":[],"European Community (EC) Number":"200-983-8","Formating":[],"HMDB ID":"HMDB0014457","Health Effects":"They cause slurred speech, disorientation and \"drunken\" behavior. They are physically and psychologically addictive. They cause slurred speech, disorientation and \"drunken\" behavior. They are physically and psychologically addictive.","HeavyAtomCount":16,"Human Drugs":"FDA approved drugs -\u003e Active ingredient","IUPACName":"5-ethyl-5-pentan-2-yl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione","InChI":"InChI=1S/C11H18N2O3/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16)","InChIKey":"WEXRUCMBJFQVBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N","Interactions":"Acute dosage of mice with DDT prolonged pentobarbitone sleeping time, with inhibition of barbiturate metabolism, but chronic dosage of mice or rats shortened sleeping time because of enzyme induction.","Mechanism of Action":"Pentobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged. All of these effects are associated with marked decreases in GABA-sensitive neuronal calcium conductance (gCa). The net result of barbiturate action is acute potentiation of inhibitory GABAergic tone. Barbiturates also act through potent (if less well characterized) and direct inhibition of excitatory AMPA-type glutamate receptors, resulting in a profound suppression of glutamatergic neurotransmission.","Melting Point":"130 °C","Metabolism/Metabolites":"by hepatic microsomal enzyme system","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"226.27 g/mol","Non-Human Toxicity Values":"LD50 Rat oral 118 mg/kg","Odor":"Practically odorless","Opticalactivity":"( + / - )","Pharmacodynamics":"Pentobarbital, a barbiturate, is used for the treatment of short term insomnia. It belongs to a group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) depressants that induce drowsiness and relieve tension or nervousness. Little analgesia is conferred by barbiturates; their use in the presence of pain may result in excitation.","Physical Description":"Solid","PubChemId":4737,"Record Description":["LiverTox|CNS|Sedative/Hypnotic|Barbiturate"],"Records":{"UNII":{"Impurities":["2,6-diamino-5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)pyrimidin-4-one","6-imino-5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl) barbituric acid","diberal","isomebumal","5-methyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid","5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid"]}},"RefCount":3,"RefCur":"","References":[{"Name":"Wikipedia","Urls":[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentobarbital","Name":"Pentobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Wikidata","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409632","Name":"Pentobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"DrugBank","Urls":[{"Link":"https://go.drugbank.com/DB00312","Name":"Pentobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"PubChem","Urls":[{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4737","Name":"Pentobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Common Chemistry","Urls":[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=76-74-4","Name":"Pentobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"HMDB","Urls":[{"Link":"https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014457","Name":"Pentobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"KEGG","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C07422","Name":"Pentobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"UNII","Urls":[{"Link":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/I4744080IR","Name":"Pentobarbital","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"EPA DSSTox","Urls":[{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7023435","Name":"Pentobarbital","Sub":false}]}],"Refs":["National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4737, Pentobarbital. Accessed February 11, 2026. \u003ca href=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4737\u003ehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4737\u003c/a\u003e","U.S. Food and Drug Administration; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Pentobarbital. UNII: I4744080IR. Global Substance Registration System. Accessed February 11, 2026. \u003ca href=https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/I4744080IR\u003ehttps://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/I4744080IR\u003c/a\u003e"],"Reported Fatal Dose":"The toxic dose of barbiturates varies considerably but, in general, a severe reaction is likely to occur when the amount ingested is more than 10 times the usual oral hypnotic dose. Potentially lethal blood concentrations are those in excess of 80 ug/mL for phenobarbital, 50 ug/mL for amobarbital or butabarbital, and approximately 30 ug/mL for secobarbital or pentobarbital; however, some patients have survived much higher blood concentrations. /Barbiturates General Statement/","SMILES":"CCCC(C)C1(C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O)CC","SaltData":[{"AcidCount":1,"Amine":"Pentobarbital","AmineCount":1,"Formula":"[Na+]","Name":"sodium","Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 82.269 101.819\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#3050f8\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".7\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h83v102H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m38.382 1.009 5.214 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Very sol in water and alcohol; practically insol in ether. A 10% soln in water has pH of 9.6 to 11 and slowly decomposes. /Pentobarbitone sodium/","Stability/Shelf Life":"Aqueous solutions of pentobarbital sodium are not stable, and solutions for injection should not be used if they contain a precipitate. The drug is more stable in propylene glycol, and this vehicle is used as a solvent in commercially available injections. Solutions of pentobarbital sodium should not be added to acidic solutions because precipitation of pentobarbital may occur. Pentobarbital sodium suppositories should be stored at 2-8 °C.","StereoisomerData":[],"StereoisomerType":"enantiomer","Stereoisomers":[],"Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 58.437 101.819\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#3050f8\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".7\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h59v102H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m38.382 1.009 5.214 14.32M43.596 15.329l-9.795 11.676M33.801 27.005l5.214 14.32M39.015 41.325l15.009 2.645M39.015 41.325l-9.794 11.676M29.221 53.001l-13.204 7.628\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M16.017 62.037 5.485 55.956M17.236 59.925 6.704 53.844\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m5.485 55.956 5.266 3.04M6.704 53.844l5.266 3.041\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m16.017 60.629-.003 11.399M19.166 77.698l10.045 5.799\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m30.43 82.793.002 12.023M27.991 82.793l.002 12.023\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m30.432 94.816-.001-6.011M27.993 94.816l-.001-6.011\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m29.211 83.497 10.05-5.806M42.415 72.019l.004-11.398M29.221 53.001l13.198 7.62\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m41.199 59.917 10.529-6.077M42.418 62.028l10.529-6.076\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m51.728 53.84-5.265 3.039M52.947 55.952l-5.264 3.038\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m29.221 53.001-9.799-11.673M19.422 41.328l-15.008 2.65\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M5.078 53.006q0 .756-.256 1.328-.256.565-.756.881-.5.315-1.244.315-.756 0-1.262-.315-.506-.316-.756-.887-.244-.572-.244-1.334 0-.75.244-1.31.25-.565.756-.881.506-.315 1.274-.315.732 0 1.232.315.5.31.756.875.256.566.256 1.328m-3.863 0q0 .923.387 1.459.393.529 1.22.529.84 0 1.221-.529.387-.536.387-1.459 0-.929-.387-1.453-.381-.523-1.209-.523-.833 0-1.226.523-.393.524-.393 1.453\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"none\" class=\"atom\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M17.953 78.327h-.72l-2.619-4.066h-.03l.03.595q.023.358.023.733v2.738h-.565v-4.899h.714l2.608 4.054h.029l-.017-.328-.024-.476q-.006-.262-.006-.482v-2.768h.577zM13.51 78.327h-.619v-2.286h-2.512v2.286h-.613v-4.899h.613v2.071h2.512v-2.071h.619z\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M31.472 98.734q0 .757-.256 1.328-.256.566-.756.881t-1.244.316q-.756 0-1.262-.316-.506-.315-.756-.887-.244-.571-.244-1.333 0-.751.244-1.31.25-.566.756-.881t1.274-.316q.732 0 1.232.316.5.309.756.875.256.565.256 1.327m-3.863 0q0 .923.387 1.459.393.53 1.22.53.84 0 1.221-.53.387-.536.387-1.459 0-.928-.387-1.452-.381-.524-1.209-.524-.833 0-1.226.524t-.393 1.452\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"none\" class=\"atom\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M44.355 78.319h-.721l-2.619-4.066h-.03l.03.595q.024.357.024.732v2.739h-.566v-4.9h.715l2.607 4.054h.03l-.018-.327-.024-.476q-.006-.262-.006-.483v-2.768h.578zM48.661 78.319h-.619v-2.286h-2.513v2.286h-.613v-4.9h.613v2.072h2.513v-2.072h.619z\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M57.877 53q0 .756-.256 1.327-.256.566-.756.881t-1.244.316q-.756 0-1.262-.316-.506-.315-.756-.887-.244-.571-.244-1.333 0-.75.244-1.31.25-.565.756-.881t1.274-.316q.732 0 1.232.316.5.31.756.875.256.566.256 1.328m-3.863 0q0 .922.387 1.458.393.53 1.22.53.84 0 1.221-.53.387-.536.387-1.458 0-.929-.387-1.453-.381-.524-1.209-.524-.833 0-1.226.524T54.014 53\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#3050f8\" d=\"m16.014 72.028.001-5.699M16.014 72.028l.001-5.699M19.166 77.698l5.022 2.899M19.166 77.698l5.022 2.899M39.261 77.691l-5.025 2.903M42.415 72.019l.002-5.699\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e","Therapeutic Uses":"Adjuvants, Anesthesia; GABA Modulators; Sedatives, Barbiturate","Title":"Pentobarbital","Treatment":"Treatment of overdosage is mainly supportive and consists of maintaining an adequate airway, with assisted respiration and oxygen administration as necessary, monitoring of vital signs and fluid balance, and fluid therapy and other standard treatment for shock, if needed. If renal function is normal, forced diuresis may aid in the elimination of the barbiturate. Alkalinization of the urine increases renal excretion of some barbiturates, especially phenobarbital, also aprobarbital and mephobarbital (which is metabolized to phenobarbital). Although not recommended as a routine procedure, hemodialysis may be used in severe barbiturate intoxications or if the patient is anuric or in shock. The patient should be rolled from side to side every 30 minutes and antibiotics should be given if pneumonia is suspected. Appropriate nursing care to prevent hypostatic pneumonia, decubiti, aspiration, and other complications of patients with altered states of consciousness. (L1712)","UNII":"I4744080IR","Wikidata":"Q409632","Wikipedia":"Pentobarbital","XLogP":2.1}