{"ATC Code":"C - Cardiovascular system","Abbreviation":["vitamin B3"],"Adverse Effects":"Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.","Aliases":["nicotinic acid","Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid","3-pyridinecarboxylic acid","3-Carboxypyridine","vitamin B3","wampocap","Niaspan","Acidum nicotinicum","Apelagrin","Pellagrin","Pelonin","Akotin","Daskil","Efacin","Linic","nicolar","Direktan","Nicangin","Nicodelmine","Niconacid","Nicotinipca","Pellagramin","Bionic","Diacin","Nicacid"],"Biological Half-Life":"The half life of niacin is 0.9h, nicotinuric acid is 1.3h, and nicotinamide is 4.3h.","Boiling Point":"Sublimes (NTP, 1992)","CAS":"59-67-6","ChEBI":"CHEBI:15940","ChEMBL":"CHEMBL573","ChemicalClasses":["carboxylic acid"],"Chirality":"achiral","Classes":["Vitamin"],"Color/Form":"Needles from alcohol or water","Decomposition":"Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx).","Density":"1.473 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e","Drug Classes":"Antilipemic Agents; Vitamins","Drug Indication":"Niacin is indicated to prevent vitamin deficiencies in pediatric and adult patients receiving parenteral nutrition as part of multivitamin intravenous injections. Niacin oral tablets are indicated as a monotherapy or in combination with simvastatin or lovastatin to treat primary hyperlipidemia and mixed dyslipidemia. It can also be used to reduce the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarctions in patients with a history of myocardial infarction and hyperlipidemia. Niacin is also indicated with bile acid binding resins to treat atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease and hyperlipidemia or to treat primary hyperlipidemia. Finally niacin is indicated to treat severe hypertriglyceridemia.","Drug Warnings":"Concomitant administration of niacin with alcohol, hot drinks, or spicy foods may increase the risk of flushing or pruritus; these beverages or foods should be avoided at the time of drug ingestion.","DurationOfAction":"","EINECS":"200-441-0","Ecotoxicity Values":"LD50; Species: Coturnix coturnix (Quail) oral \u003e 1000 mg/kg","EliminationHalfLife":"","Esters":[],"European Community (EC) Number":"200-441-0","FDA Pharmacological Classification":"2679MF687A","Flash Point":"193 °C (379 °F) - closed cup","Formating":[],"HMDB ID":"HMDB0001488","Health Effects":"Niacin at extremely high doses can have life-threatening acute toxic reactions. Extremely high doses of niacin can also cause niacin maculopathy, a thickening of the macula and retina which leads to blurred vision and blindness. This maculopathy is reversible after stopping niacin intake. Side effects of hyperglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias and birth defects have also been reported. (A729)","HeavyAtomCount":9,"Human Drugs":"Human drug -\u003e Prescription","IUPACName":"pyridine-3-carboxylic acid","InChI":"InChI=1S/C6H5NO2/c8-6(9)5-2-1-3-7-4-5/h1-4H,(H,8,9)","InChIKey":"PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N","Interactions":"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients is strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and prevalent abnormal lipid metabolism. The AIM-HIGH trial examined the benefits of adding extended-release niacin (ERN) to simvastatin in patients with established coronary heart disease. Here we conducted a post hoc analysis of the AIM-HIGH trial examining whether participants derived cardiovascular or renal benefits when stratified by renal function. Of 3414 participants, 505 had stage 3 CKD at baseline. Among the CKD subset, demographics and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were well balanced in the ERN and placebo arms. Compared with placebo, CKD participants receiving ERN had a significant decrease in triglycerides by a median of 59.0 mg/dL, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased by a mean of 11.3 mg/dL over a mean follow-up of 3 years. CVD events were similar between CKD participants in both arms. However, all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the ERN group (hazard ratio of 1.73). Mean change in eGFR among ERN-treated CKD participants was not significantly different between study arms. Thus, among AIM-HIGH participants with CKD, the addition of ERN to simvastatin for secondary prevention of CVD improved triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations but did not improve cardiovascular outcomes or kidney function, and was associated with higher all-cause mortality.","LD50":[{"dosages":[{"amount":"7 gm/kg","route":"oral"},{"amount":"730 mg/kg","route":"intraperitoneal"},{"amount":"5 gm/kg","route":"subcutaneous"}],"organism":"Rat"},{"dosages":[{"amount":"3720 mg/kg","route":"oral"},{"amount":"358 mg/kg","route":"intraperitoneal"},{"amount":"3500 mg/kg","route":"subcutaneous"},{"amount":"5 gm/kg","route":"intravenous"}],"organism":"Mouse"},{"dosages":[{"amount":"4550 mg/kg","route":"oral"}],"organism":"Rabbit"}],"LDLo":[{"dosages":[{"amount":"3500 mg/kg","route":"intravenous"}],"organism":"Rat"},{"dosages":[{"amount":"3500 mg/kg","route":"intravenous"}],"organism":"Guinea pig"}],"MeSH Pharmacological Classification":"Substances that lower the levels of certain LIPIDS in the BLOOD. They are used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.","Melting Point":"457 °","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"123.11 g/mol","Non-Human Toxicity Values":"LD50 Rat sc 5 g/kg","Odor":"Odorless","Pharmacodynamics":"Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat vitamin deficiencies as well as hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarctions. Niacin acts to decrease levels of very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, while increasing levels of high density lipoproteins. Niacin has a wide therapeutic window with usual oral doses between 500mg and 2000mg. Patients with diabetes, renal failure, uncontrolled hypothyroidism, and elderly patients taking niacin with simvastatin or lovastatin are at increased risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis.","Physical Description":"Nicotinic acid is an odorless white crystalline powder with a feebly acid taste. pH (saturated aqueous solution) 2.7. pH (1.3% solution) 3-3.5. (NTP, 1992)","PubChemId":938,"Record Description":["LiverTox|Cardiac|lipid lowering agent|Vitamin B3, nicotinic acid","LiverTox|HDS: Nutritional Sup|Vitamins|Vitamin B"],"RefCount":3,"RefCur":"","References":[{"Name":"Wikipedia","Urls":[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Wikidata","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134658","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"DrugBank","Urls":[{"Link":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00627","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"PubChem","Urls":[{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/938","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"ChEMBL","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/CHEMBL573","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"ChEBI","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:15940","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Common Chemistry","Urls":[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59-67-6","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"HMDB","Urls":[{"Link":"https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001488","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"KEGG","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00253","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"UNII","Urls":[{"Link":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/2679MF687A","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"EPA DSSTox","Urls":[{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1020932","Name":"Niacin","Sub":false}]}],"Refs":["National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 938, Niacin. Accessed September 14, 2025. \u003ca href=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/938\u003ehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/938\u003c/a\u003e","U.S. Food and Drug Administration; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Niacin. UNII: 2679MF687A. Global Substance Registration System. Accessed September 14, 2025. \u003ca href=https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/2679MF687A\u003ehttps://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/2679MF687A\u003c/a\u003e"],"SMILES":"C1=CC(=CN=C1)C(=O)O","SaltData":[{"AcidCount":1,"Amine":"Niacin","AmineCount":1,"Formula":"[Na+]","Name":"sodium","Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 86.255 49.858\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".7\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h87v50H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m33.524 41.19 13.202 7.63M35.962 39.782l10.765 6.222\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m33.524 41.19-.002-15.249\" 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class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"none\" d=\"M22.583 3.078q0 .756-.256 1.328-.256.565-.756.881-.5.315-1.244.315-.756 0-1.262-.315-.506-.316-.757-.887-.244-.572-.244-1.334 0-.75.244-1.309.251-.566.757-.881T20.339.56q.732 0 1.232.316.5.309.756.875.256.565.256 1.327m-3.864 0q0 .923.387 1.459.393.53 1.221.53.839 0 1.22-.53.387-.536.387-1.459 0-.929-.387-1.452-.381-.524-1.208-.524-.834 0-1.227.524-.393.523-.393 1.452\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"none\" class=\"atom\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M9.385 25.938q0 .756-.256 1.328-.256.565-.756.881-.5.315-1.245.315-.756 0-1.262-.315-.506-.316-.756-.887-.244-.572-.244-1.334 0-.75.244-1.309.25-.566.756-.881t1.274-.316q.733 0 1.233.316.5.309.756.875.256.565.256 1.327m-3.864 0q0 .923.387 1.459.393.53 1.22.53.84 0 1.221-.53.387-.536.387-1.459 0-.929-.387-1.452-.381-.524-1.209-.524-.833 0-1.226.524-.393.523-.393 1.452M4.305 28.391h-.62v-2.286H1.173v2.286H.56v-4.9h.613v2.072h2.512v-2.072h.62z\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#3050f8\" d=\"m56.77 24.131-5.025-2.904\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m10.404 24.048 4.96-2.864M10.404 24.048l4.96-2.864\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#ab5cf2\" stroke=\"none\" class=\"atom\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M79.245 27.841h-.72l-2.619-4.066h-.03l.03.595q.023.357.023.732v2.739h-.565v-4.9h.714l2.608 4.054h.03l-.018-.327-.024-.476q-.006-.262-.006-.483v-2.768h.577zm2.641-3.739q.672 0 .994.298.321.291.321.94v2.501h-.44l-.113-.524h-.03q-.238.303-.506.452-.262.143-.726.143-.5 0-.834-.262-.327-.268-.327-.833 0-.548.428-.846.435-.297 1.334-.327l.625-.018v-.22q0-.459-.202-.637-.197-.179-.56-.179-.286 0-.548.089-.262.084-.488.191l-.184-.452q.238-.131.565-.221.333-.095.691-.095m.178 1.965q-.684.023-.952.22-.262.19-.262.542 0 .303.184.452.191.143.489.143.464 0 .773-.256.31-.262.31-.798v-.327zM84.877 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24.131-5.025-2.904\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m10.404 24.048 4.96-2.864M10.404 24.048l4.96-2.864\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#1ff01f\" stroke=\"none\" class=\"atom\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M82.016 23.078q-.786 0-1.239.53-.452.523-.452 1.446 0 .911.417 1.447.422.53 1.268.53.321 0 .607-.054.292-.059.565-.143v.536q-.273.101-.565.149-.292.053-.697.053-.744 0-1.25-.309-.5-.31-.75-.875-.25-.572-.25-1.34 0-.744.268-1.309.274-.566.804-.881.529-.322 1.28-.322.779 0 1.351.286l-.244.524q-.226-.102-.506-.185-.274-.083-.607-.083m2.756 4.423h-.601v-5.215h.601zM79.108 27.501h-.619v-2.286h-2.512v2.286h-.613v-4.899h.613v2.071h2.512v-2.071h.619z\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e","Title":"Niacin hydrochloride","UNII":"6C7S2KVE4G"}],"Salts":["sodium","hydrochloride"],"Scheduling":[{"gov":"United States","ref":[],"schedule":"OTC substance"}],"Solubility":"\u003e18.5 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4)","Stability/Shelf Life":"Stable under recommended storage conditions.","StereoisomerData":[],"Stereoisomers":[],"Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 62.424 49.858\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".7\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h63v50H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m33.524 41.19 13.202 7.63M35.962 39.782l10.765 6.222\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m33.524 41.19-.002-15.249\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m46.721 18.323-13.199 7.618M46.72 21.139l-10.76 6.21\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m46.721 18.323 10.049 5.808\" 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class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e","Subjective Effects":null,"TDLo":[{"dosages":[{"amount":"31200 mg/kg/78","route":"oral"},{"amount":"9713 mg/kg/58W","route":"oral"},{"amount":"357 μg/kg","route":"intravenous"},{"amount":"2571 mg/kg/90D","route":"oral"}],"organism":"Human - male"}],"Taste":"Sour taste","Therapeutic Uses":"Hypolipidemic Agents, Vasodilator Agents, Vitamin B Complex","Title":"Niacin","Toxicity Data":"LD50: 7000 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)\nLD50: 730 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T14)\nLD50: 3500 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (T14)","Treatment":"Supportive measures should be undertaken in the event of an overdose. (L1712)","UNII":"2679MF687A","Wikidata":"Q134658","Wikipedia":"Niacin","XLogP":0.4,"pH":"pH = 2.7 (saturated aq soln)"}