{"ATC Code":"N06BA04","Abbreviation":["MPH"],"Adverse Effects":"Insomnia and nervousness are the most commonly reported adverse effects in patients using methylphenidate. Growth retardation (reduced height, weight, and bone marrow density) is observed when prescribed to children long-term. Other frequent side effects primarily involve the CNS (dizziness, headache, tics, restlessness/akathisia), gastrointestinal (nausea/vomiting, dry mouth, decreased appetite, weight loss, abdominal pain), and cardiovascular systems (tachycardia, palpitations). Dermatologically, patients can complain of excessive sweating and ulceration of their digits. Some patients may even develop blurry vision or decreased libido. While it rarely occurs, priapism is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. Patients are more prone to become easily agitated, irritable, or depressed and go through mood swings or lability. While many common side effects can be relieved by adjusting the dosage or avoiding an afternoon or evening dose, some require treatment emergently to prevent complications.","Aliases":["Methylphenidan","Phenidylate","Calocain","Plimasine","Methyl phenidylacetate","Metilfenidato","Methylphenidatum","Methyl phenidate","4311/B Ciba","Daytrana","Methyl α-phenyl-α-(2-piperidyl)acetate","α-Phenyl-2-piperidineacetic acid methyl ester","NCI-C56280","2-Piperidineacetic acid, α-phenyl-, methyl ester","Cotempla XR-ODT","Methyl α-phenyl-α-2-piperidinylacetate","Metilfenidat hydrochloride","Methyl 2-phenyl-2-(piperidin-2-yl)acetate","Threo-dl-methylphenidate","α-Phenyl-α-(2-piperidyl)acetic acid methyl ester","Prc-063","Methylphenidate extended release","Ritaline","Methylphenidate Transdermal System","N06BA04"],"Biological Half-Life":"Concerta: The half-life of methylphenidate in adults following oral administration of Concerta® was approximately 3.5 h.  Biphentin: Methylphenidate is eliminated from plasma with a mean half-life of 2.4 hours in children and 2.1 hours in adults.  Methylphenidate (immediate release): Methylphenidate is eliminated from the plasma with a mean half-life of 2.4 hours in children and 2.1 hours in adults.","Boiling Point":"BP: 135 to 137 °C at 0.6 mm Hg","CAS":"113-45-1","ChEBI":"CHEBI:6887","ChEMBL":"CHEMBL796","ChemicalClasses":["phenidate"],"Chirality":"racemic","Classes":["Stimulant"],"Color/Form":"Crystals from ethanol (aqueous)","DBI-IGS":"Methylphenidate","DEA no":1724,"Decomposition":"When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of nitroxides.","Dosing Info":[{"Method":"Buccal","Tiers":{"Common":{"Entries":8,"Lower":31.6,"Percentage":22.2,"Unit":"mg","Upper":40},"Extreme":{"Entries":4,"Lower":85,"Percentage":11.1,"Unit":"mg","Upper":85},"Heavy":{"Entries":2,"Lower":60,"Percentage":5.6,"Unit":"mg","Upper":85},"Light":{"Entries":12,"Lower":31.6,"Percentage":33.3,"Unit":"mg","Upper":31.6},"Strong":{"Entries":10,"Lower":40,"Percentage":27.8,"Unit":"mg","Upper":60}}},{"Method":"Insufflated","Tiers":{"Common":{"Entries":64,"Lower":32.7,"Percentage":25.6,"Unit":"mg","Upper":40},"Extreme":{"Entries":26,"Lower":116.3,"Percentage":10.4,"Unit":"mg","Upper":116.3},"Heavy":{"Entries":35,"Lower":60,"Percentage":14,"Unit":"mg","Upper":116.3},"Light":{"Entries":76,"Lower":32.7,"Percentage":30.4,"Unit":"mg","Upper":32.7},"Strong":{"Entries":49,"Lower":40,"Percentage":19.6,"Unit":"mg","Upper":60}}},{"Method":"Intravenous","Tiers":{"Common":{"Entries":2,"Lower":8.8,"Percentage":50,"Unit":"mg","Upper":10},"Extreme":{"Entries":1,"Lower":24,"Percentage":25,"Unit":"mg","Upper":24},"Heavy":{"Entries":0,"Lower":15,"Percentage":0,"Unit":"mg","Upper":24},"Light":{"Entries":1,"Lower":8.8,"Percentage":25,"Unit":"mg","Upper":8.8},"Strong":{"Entries":0,"Lower":10,"Percentage":0,"Unit":"mg","Upper":15}}},{"Method":"Subcutaneous","Tiers":{"Common":{"Entries":0,"Lower":40.9,"Percentage":0,"Unit":"mg","Upper":40},"Extreme":{"Entries":1,"Lower":56,"Percentage":33.3,"Unit":"mg","Upper":56},"Heavy":{"Entries":0,"Lower":50,"Percentage":0,"Unit":"mg","Upper":56},"Light":{"Entries":2,"Lower":40.9,"Percentage":66.7,"Unit":"mg","Upper":40.9},"Strong":{"Entries":0,"Lower":40,"Percentage":0,"Unit":"mg","Upper":50}}},{"Method":"Sublingual","Tiers":{"Common":{"Entries":80,"Lower":34.5,"Percentage":29.4,"Unit":"mg","Upper":40},"Extreme":{"Entries":28,"Lower":98,"Percentage":10.3,"Unit":"mg","Upper":98},"Heavy":{"Entries":37,"Lower":60,"Percentage":13.6,"Unit":"mg","Upper":98},"Light":{"Entries":74,"Lower":34.5,"Percentage":27.2,"Unit":"mg","Upper":34.5},"Strong":{"Entries":53,"Lower":40,"Percentage":19.5,"Unit":"mg","Upper":60}}},{"Method":"Oral","Tiers":{"Common":{"Entries":37,"Lower":24.8,"Percentage":13.1,"Unit":"mg","Upper":36},"Extreme":{"Entries":27,"Lower":108,"Percentage":9.5,"Unit":"mg","Upper":108},"Heavy":{"Entries":40,"Lower":72,"Percentage":14.1,"Unit":"mg","Upper":108},"Light":{"Entries":122,"Lower":24.8,"Percentage":43.1,"Unit":"mg","Upper":24.8},"Strong":{"Entries":57,"Lower":36,"Percentage":20.1,"Unit":"mg","Upper":72}}}],"Drug Classes":"Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Adrenergic Agents; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dopamine Agents; Sympathomimetics; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents","Drug Indication":"Methylphenidate is indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in patients 6 years of age and older and for the treatment of narcolepsy.","Drug Warnings":"Methylphenidate should be used with caution in patients with hypertension. Blood pressure should be monitored at appropriate intervals in patients receiving the drug, especially those with hypertension.","DurationOfAction":"","EINECS":"204-028-6","EliminationHalfLife":"2 – 3 hours","Esters":[],"European Community (EC) Number":"204-028-6","FDA Pharmacological Classification":"207ZZ9QZ49","Formating":[],"HMDB ID":"HMDB0014566","Health Effects":"Using large amounts of these drugs can result in a condition known as amphetamine psychosis -- which can result in auditory, visual and tactile hallucinations, intense paranoia, irrational thoughts and beliefs, delusions, and mental confusion.","HeavyAtomCount":17,"Human Drugs":"Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Adrenergic Agents; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dopamine Agents; Sympathomimetics; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents","IUPACName":"methyl 2-phenyl-2-piperidin-2-ylacetate","InChI":"InChI=1S/C14H19NO2/c1-17-14(16)13(11-7-3-2-4-8-11)12-9-5-6-10-15-12/h2-4,7-8,12-13,15H,5-6,9-10H2,1H3","InChIKey":"DUGOZIWVEXMGBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N","Interactions":"Repeated im injections of high doses of methylphenidate (6-30 times the human clinical dose) into normal rats or rats with traumatized (carbon tetrachloride or allyl alcohol) or regenerating livers were able to cause liver damage, as shown by liver function tests and serum enzyme determinations.","LD50":[{"dosages":[{"amount":"367 mg/kg","route":"oral"},{"amount":"48 mg/kg","route":"intravenous"},{"amount":"430 mg/kg","route":"intraperitoneal"}],"organism":"Rat"},{"dosages":[{"amount":"150 mg/kg","route":"oral"},{"amount":"32 mg/kg","route":"intraperitoneal"},{"amount":"218 mg/kg","route":"subcutaneous"},{"amount":"41 mg/kg","route":"intravenous"}],"organism":"Mouse"}],"LDLo":[{"dosages":[{"amount":"445 mg/kg/34W-","route":"intravenous"}],"organism":"Human - male"},{"dosages":[{"amount":"800 μg/kg","route":"intravenous"}],"organism":"Human - female"},{"dosages":[{"amount":"60 mg/kg","route":"intravenous"}],"organism":"Rabbit"}],"MeSH Pharmacological Classification":"A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.","Melting Point":"74-75 °C","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"233.31 g/mol","Non-Human Toxicity Values":"LD50 Mouse oral 190 mg/kg /Methylphenidate hydrochloride/","Pharmacodynamics":"Methylphenidate is a racemic mixture comprised of the d- and l-isomers. The d-isomer is more pharmacologically active than the l-isomer. Radioligand binding studies demonstrate that binding of methylphenidate in the brain is localized to dopamine-rich areas, in particular in the prefrontal cortex which has been demonstrated to play a prominent role in ADHD pathophysiology. In a number of animal models, methylphenidate enhances locomotor activity and induces stereotypic behaviours.","Physical Description":"Solid","PubChemId":4158,"RefChem":"6033","RefCount":3,"RefCur":"","References":[{"Name":"Wikipedia","Urls":[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate","Name":"Methylphenidate","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Wikidata","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422112","Name":"Methylphenidate","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"DrugBank","Urls":[{"Link":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00422","Name":"Methylphenidate","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"PubChem","Urls":[{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4158","Name":"Methylphenidate","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"ChEMBL","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/CHEMBL796","Name":"Methylphenidate","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"ChEBI","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:6887","Name":"Methylphenidate","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Common Chemistry","Urls":[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=113-45-1","Name":"Methylphenidate","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"HMDB","Urls":[{"Link":"https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014566","Name":"Methylphenidate","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"KEGG","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C07196","Name":"Methylphenidate","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"EPA DSSTox","Urls":[{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5023299","Name":"Methylphenidate","Sub":false}]}],"Refs":["National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4158, Methylphenidate. Accessed October 14, 2025. \u003ca href=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4158\u003ehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4158\u003c/a\u003e","Anvisa. RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial. Diário Oficial da União. March 31, 2023. Accessed October 14, 2025. \u003ca href=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992\u003ehttps://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992\u003c/a\u003e"],"SMILES":"COC(=O)C(C1CCCCN1)C2=CC=CC=C2","SaltData":[],"Salts":[],"Scheduling":[{"gov":"Australia","ref":[],"schedule":"S8 substance"},{"gov":"Brazil","ref":["2"],"schedule":"A3 substance"},{"gov":"Canada","ref":[],"schedule":"Schedule III substance"},{"gov":"Germany","ref":[],"schedule":"Anlage III substance"},{"gov":"United Kingdom","ref":[],"schedule":"Class B substance"},{"gov":"New Zealand","ref":[],"schedule":"Class B substance"},{"act":"Controlled Substances Act (CSA)","gov":"United States","ref":[],"schedule":"Schedule I"},{"gov":"European Union","ref":[],"schedule":"prescription only substance"},{"act":"Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971","gov":"United Nations","ref":[],"schedule":"Schedule II drug"}],"Solubility":"1255mg/L","Stability/Shelf Life":"Stable under recommended storage conditions.","StereoisomerData":[{"Aliases":null,"PubChemId":null,"SMILES":"COC(=O)[C@@H](C1=CC=CC=C1)[C@@H]1CCCCN1","Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 81.293 70.537\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".7\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h82v71H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M27.44.91v11.319M30.715 18.041l9.923 5.729\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"bond\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m40.638 23.77 9.917-5.726M40.638 20.954l8.698-5.021\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m50.555 18.044-4.959 2.863M49.336 15.933l-4.349 2.511\" 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41.458h-.72l-2.619-4.066h-.03l.03.595q.024.357.024.732v2.739h-.566v-4.9h.714l2.608 4.054h.03l-.018-.327-.024-.476q-.006-.262-.006-.483v-2.768h.577zM68.847 35.997h-.62v-2.286h-2.512v2.286h-.613v-4.9h.613v2.072h2.512v-2.072h.62z\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"M27.44 12.229v-5.66M30.715 18.041l4.961 2.864\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#3050f8\" d=\"m70.196 40.827 5.028 2.9M70.196 40.827l5.028 2.9M63.889 40.828l-5.027 2.901M63.889 40.828l-5.027 2.901\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e","Subjective Effects":{"Cognitive Effects":["Analysis enhancement","Ego inflation","Focus enhancement","Increased music appreciation","Motivation enhancement","Thought acceleration","Wakefulness","Disinhibition","Suggestibility suppression","Cognitive euphoria","Compulsive redosing","Mania"],"Physical Effects":["Increased libido","Stamina enhancement","Stimulation","Appetite suppression","Dehydration","Dry mouth","Restless legs","Shakiness","Teeth grinding","Abnormal heartbeat","Increased blood pressure","Increased heart rate","Vasoconstriction"],"Visual Effects":[]},"TDLo":[{"dosages":[{"amount":"180 mg/kg/26W-","route":"oral"},{"amount":"2500 μg/kg/5D-","route":"oral"}],"organism":"Human - child"}],"Therapeutic Uses":"Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors","Title":"Methylphenidate","Toxicity Data":"LD50: 190 mg/kg (oral, mice)","Treatment":"Treatment consists of appropriate supportive measures. The patient must be protected against self-injury and against external stimuli that would aggravate overstimulation already present. Gastric contents may be evacuated by gastric lavage. In the presence of severe intoxication, use a carefully titrated dosage of a short-acting barbiturate before performing gastric lavage. Other measures to detoxify the gut include administration of activated charcoal and a cathartic. Intensive care must be provided to maintain adequate circulation and respiratory exchange; external cooling procedures may be required for hyperpyrexia. (L1712)","Wikidata":"Q422112","Wikipedia":"Methylphenidate","XLogP":0.2}