{"ATC Code":"N05CH01","Abbreviation":"","Aliases":["Melatonine","Circadin","N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide","5-Methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine","Melatol","N-(2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide","Melovine","Acetamide, N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-","N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine","CCRIS 3472"],"Biological Half-Life":"35 to 50 minutes","CAS":"73-31-4","ChEBI":"CHEBI:16796","ChEMBL":"CHEMBL45","ChemicalClasses":["tryptamine"],"Chirality":"achiral","Classes":["Hormone"],"Color/Form":"Pale yellow leaflets from benzene","Drug Classes":"Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Antibodies, Monoclonal","Drug Indication":"Used orally for jet lag, insomnia, shift-work disorder, circadian rhythm disorders in the blind (evidence for efficacy), and benzodiazepine and nicotine withdrawal. Evidence indicates that melatonin is likely effective for treating circadian rhythm sleep disorders in blind children and adults. It has received FDA orphan drug status as an oral medication for this use. A number of studies have shown that melatonin may be effective for treating sleep-wake cycle disturbances in children and adolescents with mental retardation, autism, and other central nervous system disorders. It appears to decrease the time to fall asleep in children with developmental disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, autism, and mental retardation. It may also improve secondary insomnia associated with various sleep-wake cycle disturbances. Other possible uses for which there is some evidence for include: benzodiazepine withdrawal, cluster headache, delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS), primary insomnia, jet lag, nicotine withdrawal, preoperative anxiety and sedation, prostate cancer, solid tumors (when combined with IL-2 therapy in certain cancers), sunburn prevention (topical use), tardive dyskinesia, thrombocytopenia associated with cancer, chemotherapy and other disorders.","Drug Warnings":"Doses \u003c8 mg have reportedly induced heavy head, headache, and transient depression. May aggravate depression in patients with psychiatric illness... Some studies suggest melatonin may deepen depression in those who have it or induce it in those susceptible to it.","DrugClasses":["depressant","hormone","antipsychotic"],"EINECS":"200-797-7","Erowid Experience Reports":null,"European Community (EC) Number":"200-797-7","HMDB ID":"HMDB0001389","HeavyAtomCount":17,"Human Drugs":"Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Antibodies, Monoclonal","IUPACName":"N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide","InChI":"InChI=1S/C13H16N2O2/c1-9(16)14-6-5-10-8-15-13-4-3-11(17-2)7-12(10)13/h3-4,7-8,15H,5-6H2,1-2H3,(H,14,16)","InChIKey":"DRLFMBDRBRZALE-UHFFFAOYSA-N","MeSH Pharmacological Classification":"A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents). (See all compounds classified as Central Nervous System Depressants.)","Melting Point":"116-118 °C","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"232.28 g/mol","Pharmacodynamics":"Melatonin is a hormone normally produced in the pineal gland and released into the blood. The essential amino acid L-tryptophan is a precursor in the synthesis of melatonin. It helps regulate sleep-wake cycles or the circadian rhythm. Production of melatonin is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. High levels of melatonin induce sleep and so consumption of the drug can be used to combat insomnia and jet lag. MT1 and MT2 receptors may be a target for the treatment of circadian and non circadian sleep disorders because of their differences in pharmacology and function within the SCN. SCN is responsible for maintaining the 24 hour cycle which regulates many different body functions ranging from sleep to immune functions","Physical Description":"Solid","PrevSalts":[],"PubChemId":896,"Record Description":["Melatonin is a member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans. It has a role as a hormone, an anticonvulsant, an immunological adjuvant, a radical scavenger, a central nervous system depressant, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a member of acetamides and a member of tryptamines. It is functionally related to a tryptamine.","Melatonin is a biogenic amine that is found in animals, plants and microbes. Aaron B. Lerner of Yale University is credited for naming the hormone and for defining its chemical structure in 1958.  In mammals, melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. The pineal gland is small endocrine gland, about the size of a rice grain and shaped like a pine cone (hence the name), that is located in the center of the brain (rostro-dorsal to the superior colliculus) but outside the blood-brain barrier. The secretion of melatonin increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light, thereby regulating the circadian rhythms of several biological functions, including the sleep-wake cycle. In particular, melatonin regulates the sleep-wake cycle by chemically causing drowsiness and lowering the body temperature.  Melatonin is also implicated in the regulation of mood, learning and memory, immune activity, dreaming, fertility and reproduction. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.  Most of the actions of melatonin are mediated through the binding and activation of melatonin receptors. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may have lower than normal levels of melatonin. A 2008 study found that unaffected parents of individuals with ASD also have lower melatonin levels, and that the deficits were associated with low activity of the ASMT gene, which encodes the last enzyme of melatonin synthesis. Reduced melatonin production has also been proposed as a likely factor in the significantly higher cancer rates in night workers.","Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that has multiple effects including somnolence, and is believed to play a role in regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin is available over-the-counter and is reported to have beneficial effects on wellbeing and sleep. Melatonin has not been implicated in causing serum enzyme elevations or clinically apparent liver injury.","Melatonin has been reported in Salvia miltiorrhiza, Gentiana macrophylla, and other organisms with data available.","Therapeutic Melatonin is a therapeutic chemically synthesized form of the pineal indole melatonin with antioxidant properties. The pineal synthesis and secretion of melatonin, a serotonin-derived neurohormone, is dependent on beta-adrenergic receptor function. Melatonin is involved in numerous biological functions including circadian rhythm, sleep, the stress response, aging, and immunity.","Melatonin is a hormone involved in sleep regulatory activity, and a tryptophan-derived neurotransmitter, which inhibits the synthesis and secretion of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and GABA. Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin intermediate in the pineal gland and the retina where the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, that catalyzes the last step of synthesis, is found. This hormone binds to and activates melatonin receptors and is involved in regulating the sleep and wake cycles. In addition, melatonin possesses antioxidative and immunoregulatory properties via regulating other neurotransmitters.","MELATONIN is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of IV (across all indications) that was first approved in 2022 and is indicated for insomnia and has 69 investigational indications.","Melatonin is a biogenic amine that is found in animals, plants and microbes. Aaron B. Lerner of Yale University is credited for naming the hormone and for defining its chemical structure in 1958.  In mammals, melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. The pineal gland is small endocrine gland, about the size of a rice grain and shaped like a pine cone (hence the name), that is located in the center of the brain (rostro-dorsal to the superior colliculus) but outside the blood-brain barrier. The secretion of melatonin increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light, thereby regulating the circadian rhythms of several biological functions, including the sleep-wake cycle. In particular, melatonin regulates the sleep-wake cycle by chemically causing drowsiness and lowering the body temperature.  Melatonin is also implicated in the regulation of mood, learning and memory, immune activity, dreaming, fertility and reproduction. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.  Most of the actions of melatonin are mediated through the binding and activation of melatonin receptors. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may have lower than normal levels of melatonin. A 2008 study found that unaffected parents of individuals with ASD also have lower melatonin levels, and that the deficits were associated with low activity of the ASMT gene, which encodes the last enzyme of melatonin synthesis. Reduced melatonin production has also been proposed as a likely factor in the significantly higher cancer rates in night workers.","A biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. Melatonin is implicated in the regulation of SLEEP, mood, and REPRODUCTION. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.","See also: Neuro I (FDA NDC: 43742-1317) (component of); Melatonin Pro (FDA NDC: 44911-0500) (component of); Bio Thalamus Phase (FDA NDC: 43742-1625) (component of) ... View More ...","Melatonin is a member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans. It has a role as a hormone, an anticonvulsant, an immunological adjuvant, a radical scavenger, a central nervous system depressant, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a member of acetamides and a member of tryptamines. It is functionally related to a tryptamine.","LiverTox|HDS: Nutritional Sup|Sedative/Hypnotic|Melatonin","Wikipedia|TiHKAL|Tryptamines"],"RefCount":3,"References":[{"Name":"Wikipedia","Urls":[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Wikidata","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180912","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"DrugBank","Urls":[{"Link":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01065","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"PubChem","Urls":[{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/896","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"ChEMBL","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/CHEMBL45","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"ChEBI","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:16796","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Common Chemistry","Urls":[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=73-31-4","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"HMDB","Urls":[{"Link":"https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001389","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"KEGG","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C01598","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"UNII","Urls":[{"Link":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/JL5DK93RCL","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"EPA DSSTox","Urls":[{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1022421","Name":"Melatonin","Sub":false}]}],"Refs":["National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 896, Melatonin. Accessed July 1, 2025. \u003ca href=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/896\u003ehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/896\u003c/a\u003e","U.S. Food and Drug Administration; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Melatonin. UNII: JL5DK93RCL. Global Substance Registration System. Accessed July 1, 2025. \u003ca href=https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/JL5DK93RCL\u003ehttps://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/JL5DK93RCL\u003c/a\u003e"],"SMILES":"CC(=O)NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(C=C2)OC","Solubility":"\u003e34.8 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4)","StoreUNII":["JL5DK93RCL"],"StructureBase64":"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" height="63.847mm" version="1.2" viewBox="0 0 121.182 63.847" width="121.182mm">
      
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