{"ATC Code":"S - Sensory organs","Abbreviation":[],"Absorption, Distribution and Excretion":"Cocaine is absorbed from all sites of application, including mucous membranes and gastrointestinal mucosa. By oral or intra-nasal route, 60 to 80% of cocaine is absorbed.","Adverse Effects":"Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin","Biological Half-Life":"1 hour","Boiling Point":"187 °C","CAS":"50-36-2","Chemical Classes":"Biological Agents -\u003e Plant Toxins","ChemicalClasses":["phenyltropane"],"Chirality":"absolute","Classes":["Stimulant"],"Color/Form":"Colorless to white crystals or white powder","Decomposition":"When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes.","Drug Classes":["Breast Feeding","Lactation","Milk, Human","Anesthetics, Local","Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors","Street Drugs","Vasoconstrictor Agents"],"Drug Indication":"For the introduction of local (topical) anesthesia of accessible mucous membranes of the oral, laryngeal and nasal cavities.","Drug Warnings":"/BOXED WARNING/ NOT FOR INJECTION OR OPHTHALMIC USE.","DurationOfAction":"20 - 90 minutes","EliminationHalfLife":"","Esters":[],"European Community (EC) Number":"200-032-7","Formating":[],"HMDB ID":"HMDB0015043","Health Effects":"Continued use produces insomnia, hyperactivity, anxiousness, agitation and malnutrition. Overdoses can be lethal.","HeavyAtomCount":22,"Human Drugs":"Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Anesthetics, Local; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; Street Drugs; Vasoconstrictor Agents","IUPACName":"methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-benzoyloxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate","Impurities":"The purity of crack is generally higher, but depends not only on the purity of the cocaine used in its manufacture, but also on the method of production. Common adulterants of cocaine are phenacetin, lignocaine, benzocaine, procaine, caffeine, paracetamol and sugars. Some of these may be removed in the production of crack. Occasionally, unusual additives have been reported, such as atropine, diltiazem and other pharmaceutical substances. The free base constitutes 89% of the hydrochloride salt.","InChI":"InChI=1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1","InChIKey":"ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N","Interactions":"Substance abuse is a pressing problem with few therapeutic options. The identification of addiction resilience factors is a potential strategy to identify new mechanisms that can be targeted therapeutically. Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear sulfated polysaccharide that is a component of the cell surface and extracellular matrix. Heparan sulfate modulates the activity and distribution of a set of negatively charged signaling peptides and proteins - known as the HS interactome - by acting as a co-receptor or alternative receptor for growth factors and other signaling peptides and sequestering and localizing them, among other actions. Here, we show that stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamine greatly increase HS content and sulfation levels in the lateral hypothalamus and that HS contributes to the regulation of cocaine seeking and taking. The ability of the HS-binding neuropeptide glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to increase cocaine intake was potentiated by a deletion that abolished its HS binding. The delivery of heparanase, the endo-beta-D-glucuronidase that degrades HS, accelerated the acquisition of cocaine self-administration and promoted persistent responding during extinction. Altogether, these results indicate that HS is a resilience factor for cocaine abuse and a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cocaine addiction.","KEGG Entries":[{"Id":"D00110","Interactions":[],"Synonyms":["Cocaine"]},{"Id":"D02182","Interactions":[],"Synonyms":["Cocaine hydrochloride"]}],"MeSH Pharmacological Classification":"Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman\u0026apos;s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.","Mechanism of Action":"Cocaine produces anesthesia by inhibiting excitation of nerve endings or by blocking conduction in peripheral nerves. This is achieved by reversibly binding to and inactivating sodium channels. Sodium influx through these channels is necessary for the depolarization of nerve cell membranes and subsequent propagation of impulses along the course of the nerve. Cocaine is the only local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive properties. This is a result of its blockade of norepinephrine reuptake in the autonomic nervous system. Cocaine binds differentially to the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transport proteins and directly prevents the re-uptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine into pre-synaptic neurons. Its effect on dopamine levels is most responsible for the addictive property of cocaine.","Melting Point":"98 °C","Metabolism/Metabolites":"Hepatic. Cocaine is metabolized to benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester, which are both excreted in the urine. In the presence of alcohol, a further active metabolite, cocaethylene is formed, and is more toxic then cocaine itself.","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"303.35 g/mol","Non-Human Toxicity Values":"LD50 Rat ip 70 mg/kg","Opticalactivity":"UNSPECIFIED","Pharmacodynamics":"Cocaine is a local anesthetic indicated for the introduction of local (topical) anesthesia of accessible mucous membranes of the oral, laryngeal and nasal cavities.","Physical Description":"Colorless to white solid; [Hawley]","PubChemId":446220,"Records":{"UNII":{"Impurities":[]}},"RefCount":4,"RefCur":"","References":[{"Name":"Wikipedia","Urls":[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine","Name":"Cocaine","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Wikidata","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41576","Name":"Cocaine","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"DrugBank","Urls":[{"Link":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00907","Name":"Cocaine","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"PubChem","Urls":[{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/446220","Name":"Cocaine","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Common Chemistry","Urls":[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-36-2","Name":"Cocaine","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"HMDB","Urls":[{"Link":"https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015043","Name":"Cocaine","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"KEGG","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C01416","Name":"Cocaine","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"UNII","Urls":[{"Link":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/I5Y540LHVR","Name":"Cocaine","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"EPA DSSTox","Urls":[{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID2038443","Name":"Cocaine","Sub":false}]}],"Refs":["National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 446220, Cocaine. Accessed December 15, 2025. \u003ca href=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/446220\u003ehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/446220\u003c/a\u003e","U.S. Food and Drug Administration; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Cocaine. UNII: I5Y540LHVR. Global Substance Registration System. Accessed December 15, 2025. \u003ca href=https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/I5Y540LHVR\u003ehttps://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/I5Y540LHVR\u003c/a\u003e","DEA / Drug Scheduling. Accessed December 15, 2025. \u003ca href=https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\u003ehttps://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\u003c/a\u003e"],"Reported Fatal Dose":"Fatalities have followed mucous membrane application of 25 mg or nasal topical use of 400 mg. Tracheobronchial use of 200 mg or less in six cases was fatal.","SMILES":"CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H](C2)OC(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)C(=O)OC","SaltData":[{"AcidCount":1,"Amine":"Cocaine","AmineCount":1,"Formula":"Cl","Name":"hydrochloride","Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 104.922 125.494\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".7\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h105v126H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m52.642 124.584.048-26.021\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"none\" d=\"m70.041 91.398-.145-.685-14.254 1.573.365 1.726.366 1.727z\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m69.969 91.056-9.551 11.887\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cpath 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class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m104.798 72.284 3.498-2.02M104.798 72.284l3.498-2.02\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ffb5b5\" d=\"M114.718 62.707v-3.734\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"M114.718 55.239v3.734M114.718 55.239v3.734\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e","Title":"Cocaine borate","UNII":"2RT6KC9AZ6"},{"AcidCount":1,"Amine":"Cocaine","AmineCount":1,"Formula":"Br","Name":"hydrobromide","Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 106.338 125.494\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".7\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h107v126H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cpath 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fill=\"#3050f8\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M54.637 97.163h-.72l-2.619-4.066h-.03l.03.595q.023.358.023.733v2.738h-.565v-4.899h.714l2.608 4.054h.03l-.018-.328-.024-.476q-.006-.262-.006-.482v-2.768h.577z\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#ff0d0d\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M55.057 54.375q0 .756-.256 1.328-.256.565-.756.881-.5.315-1.244.315-.756 0-1.262-.315-.506-.316-.756-.887-.244-.572-.244-1.334 0-.75.244-1.309.25-.566.756-.882.506-.315 1.274-.315.732 0 1.232.315.5.31.756.876.256.565.256 1.327m-3.863 0q0 .923.387 1.459.393.529 1.22.529.84 0 1.221-.529.387-.536.387-1.459 0-.929-.387-1.452-.381-.524-1.209-.524-.833 0-1.226.524-.393.523-.393 1.452M81.454 54.375q0 .756-.256 1.328-.256.565-.756.881-.5.315-1.244.315-.756 0-1.262-.315-.506-.316-.756-.887-.245-.572-.245-1.334 0-.75.245-1.309.25-.566.756-.882.506-.315 1.274-.315.732 0 1.232.315.5.31.756.876.256.565.256 1.327m-3.864 0q0 .923.387 1.459.393.529 1.221.529.839 0 1.22-.529.387-.536.387-1.459 0-.929-.387-1.452-.381-.524-1.208-.524-.834 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substance"},{"gov":"New Zealand","ref":[],"schedule":"Class A substance"},{"gov":"United Kingdom","ref":[],"schedule":"Class A substance"},{"act":"Controlled Substances Act (CSA)","gov":"United States","ref":["3"],"schedule":"Schedule I"},{"act":"Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961","gov":"United Nations","ref":[],"schedule":"Schedule I and III narcotic"}],"Solubility":"Crystals; MP 58-63 °C; freely sol in water or alcohol, slightly sol in ether. /Cocaine nitrate dihydrate/","Stability/Shelf Life":"Stable under recommended storage conditions.","StereoisomerData":[],"Stereoisomers":[],"Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 82.014 125.494\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" 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1.221.53.839 0 1.22-.53.387-.536.387-1.459 0-.928-.387-1.452-.381-.524-1.208-.524-.834 0-1.227.524t-.393 1.452\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#3050f8\" d=\"m52.69 98.563-.024 13.01\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#ff0d0d\" d=\"m56.076 52.485 4.96-2.864M16.491 70.931l5.333-2.099M9.957 69.912l-4.452-3.543\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e","Subjective Effects":{"Cognitive Effects":["Analysis enhancement","Ego inflation","Focus enhancement","Increased music appreciation","Motivation enhancement","Thought acceleration","Wakefulness","Disinhibition","Suggestibility suppression","Cognitive euphoria","Compulsive redosing","Mania"],"Physical Effects":["Increased libido","Stamina enhancement","Stimulation","Appetite suppression","Dehydration","Dry mouth","Restless legs","Shakiness","Teeth grinding","Abnormal heartbeat","Increased blood pressure","Increased heart rate","Vasoconstriction"],"Visual Effects":[]},"Therapeutic Uses":"Anesthetics, Local; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors","Title":"Cocaine","Toxicity Data":"Oral mouse LD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e = 96 mg/kg\nLD50: 95.1 mg/kg (i.p, mouse) (L1860)","Treatment":"The specific treatment of acute cocaine poisoning is the intravenous administration of a short-acting barbiturate or diazepam. Artificial respiration may be necessary. It is important to limit absorption  of the drug. If entrance of the drug into circulation can be checked, and respiratory exchange maintained, the prognosis is favorable since cocaine is eliminated fairly rapidly. (L1712)","UNII":"I5Y540LHVR","Wikidata":"Q41576","Wikipedia":"Cocaine","XLogP":2.3,"pH":"Aqueous solutions are alkaline to litmus"}