{"ATC Code":"A03BA01","Abbreviation":"","Aliases":["51-55-8","dl-Hyoscyamine","Tropine tropate","Atropen","Atropin","dl-Tropyltropate","Atropinol","Eyesules","Isopto-atropine","Troyl tropate"],"Biological Half-Life":"The half life of hyoscyamine is 3.5 hours.","CAS":"5908-99-6","ChEBI":"CHEBI:16684","ChEMBL":"CHEMBL254656","ChemicalClasses":["piperidine"],"Chirality":"racemic","Dosing Info":[],"Drug Classes":"Gastrointestinal Agents","Drug Indication":"As a drug that is not FDA approved, hyscyamine has no official indications. Intravenous hysocyamine has been used to reduce gastric motility, reduce pancreatic pain and secretions, to facilitate imaging of the gastrointestinal tract, treat anticholinesterase toxicity, treat certain cases of partial heart block, improve visualization of the kidneys, and for symptomatic relief of biliary and renal colic. Intravenous hyoscyamine is also used pre-operatively to reduce secretions of the mouth and respiratory tract to facilitate intubation. Oral hyoscyamine is used to treat functional intestinal disorders, for symptomatic relief of biliary and renal colic, and symptomatic relief of acute rhinitis.","DrugClasses":[],"European Community (EC) Number":"202-933-0","FDA Pharmacological Classification":"7C0697DR9I","Human Drugs":"Human drug -\u003e Prescription; Discontinued; Active ingredient (ATROPINE SULFATE)","IUPACName":"[(1R,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate","InChI":"InChI=1S/C17H23NO3/c1-18-13-7-8-14(18)10-15(9-13)21-17(20)16(11-19)12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-6,13-16,19H,7-11H2,1H3/t13-,14+,15?,16?","InChIKey":"RKUNBYITZUJHSG-PJPHBNEVSA-N","MeSH Pharmacological Classification":"Agents that are administered in association with anesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage. (See all compounds classified as Adjuvants, Anesthesia.)","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e23\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"289.4 g/mol","Opticalactivity":"( + / - )","Pharmacodynamics":"Hyoscyamine is not FDA approved, and so it has not official indications. However, it is used as an antimuscarinic agent in a number of treatments and therapies. Hyoscyamine has a short duration of action as it may need to be given multiple times per day. Patients should be counselled regarding the risks and signs of anticholinergic toxicity.","PubChemId":174174,"Record Description":["Atropine is a racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine. It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a mydriatic agent, a parasympatholytic, a bronchodilator agent, a plant metabolite, an antidote to sarin poisoning and a oneirogen. It contains a (S)-atropine and a (R)-atropine.","Hyoscyamine is a tropane alkaloid and the levo-isomer of [atropine]. It is commonly extracted from plants in the Solanaceae or nightshade family. Research into the action of hyoscyamine in published literature dates back to 1826. Hyoscyamine is used for a wide variety of treatments and therapeutics due to its antimuscarinic properties.  Although hyoscyamine is marketed in the United States, it is not FDA approved.","Atropine is an Anticholinergic and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist. The mechanism of action of atropine is as a Cholinergic Antagonist and Cholinergic Muscarinic Antagonist.","Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic that is used to treat mild to moderate nausea, motion sickness, hyperactive bladder and allergic rhinitis. Hyoscyamine has not been implicated in causing liver enzyme elevations or clinically apparent acute liver injury.","Atropine has been reported in Cyphanthera tasmanica, Duboisia leichhardtii, and other organisms with data available.","Atropine Sulfate is the sulfate salt of atropine, a naturally-occurring alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna.  Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.  This agent may induce tachycardia, inhibit secretions, and relax smooth muscles. (NCI04)","Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility.","ATROPINE is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of IV (across all indications) that was first approved in 1960 and has 7 approved and 24 investigational indications.","An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.","See also: Atropine (annotation moved to); Atropine Sulfate (annotation moved to); Hyoscyamine (annotation moved to).","Atropine is a racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine. It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a mydriatic agent, a parasympatholytic, a bronchodilator agent, a plant metabolite, an antidote to sarin poisoning and a oneirogen. It contains a (S)-atropine and a (R)-atropine.","LiverTox|Cardiac|Tachycardia|Cholinergic agent"],"References":[{"name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscyamine"},{"name":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104252940"},{"name":"DrugBank","url":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00424"},{"name":"PubChem","url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/174174"},{"name":"ChemSpider","url":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.10194105.html"},{"name":"ChEMBL","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/CHEMBL254656"},{"name":"ChEBI","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:16684"},{"name":"Common Chemistry","url":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=5908-99-6"},{"name":"UNII","url":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/7C0697DR9I"},{"name":"EPA DSSTox","url":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4020113"}],"SMILES":"CN1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3","Salts":["hydrobromide","sulfate","tartrate","hydrochloride"],"Solubility":"\u003e43.4 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4)","StructureBase64":"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" height="56.917mm" version="1.2" viewBox="0 0 117.87 56.917" width="117.87mm">
      
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